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Human Anatomy > Cell: The Living Units > Flashcards

Cell: The Living Units Flashcards

1
Q

Under right conditions, cells are able to maintain independent existence

A

True

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2
Q

What are the three main cell components?

A

Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm, Nucleus

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3
Q

What are the functions of the plasma membrane?

A

Provides barrier against the outside, houses membrane receptors, determine what enters or exists the cell (selective permeability)

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4
Q

What are some essential functions of the cell?

A

Obtain nutrients and use them to make molecules required for survival, dispose of its wastes, maintain its shape and integrity, replicate itself

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5
Q

The __________ forms the boundary of the cell; __________ produce proteins; __________enplasmic reticulum its rough area produce proteins and its smooth area metabolizes lipids and stores calcium; _________ packages proteins for use wither within or outside the cell; ____________ break down used proteins and other debris; ___________ energy plant of the cell; __________neutralize and remove toxic susbtances; _____________ maintain cell shape and structure, transporting material inside the cell; finally, the _______ directs all operations in the cell.

A

Plasma membrane
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Golgi
Lysosomes
Mitochondria
Peroxisomes
Cytoskeletal
Nucleus

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6
Q

How can we describe the strucuture of the plasma mebrane?

A

As a phospholipid bilayer with membrane proteins and cholesterol dispersed in it, as known as the fluid mosaic model.

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7
Q

What are the two kinds of proteins found in the plasma membrane?

A

Integral proteins: Firmly attached to the lipid bilayer. They can also be called transmembrane proteins if they cross the whole width of the membrane. (receptors, channels, and pumps)
Peripheral proteins: Are loosely attached to the surface of the membrane, provide support for the membrane.

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8
Q

What are the different transport mechanisms found in the plasma membrame?

A

Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport

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9
Q

Simple diffusion

A

It is the movement of small, uncharged and lipid-soluble molecules across membrane; it goes down their concentration gradient, therefore moving from a more concentrated area to a less concentrated area. Ex: Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, etc.

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10
Q

Osmosis

A

It is the diffusion of water molecules accross a membrane either through a lipid bilayer or the water channel aquaporin.

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11
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

It is the movement of water soluble molecules sucg as glucose, amino acids, and ions through specific integral proteins that carry or pump them accross the plasma membrane. It is still diffusion but with a little extra help

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12
Q

Active transport

A

Protein pumps use energy of ATP to move molecules across the plasma membrane against their concentration gradient

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13
Q

What are the main vesicular or bulk transport processes and what are its two types?

A

It is the transport of macromolecules and large solid particles into the cell. The two types are endocytosis and exocytosis

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14
Q

What is endocytosis and how many types are there?

A

Endocytosis is the movement of substances inside the cell and the three main types are:

Phagocytosis (receptors/specific/cell-eating)
Pinocytosis (non-specific process/cell-drinking)
Receptor-mediated endocytosis

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15
Q

Phagocytosis happens mostly within specialized defense cells called ____________, as they will be responsible for ingesting bacteria or dead cells

A

Leukocytes (white blood cells)

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16
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Exocytosis is the active mechanism by which substances move from the cytoplasm to the outside of the cell. It accounts for most secretion processes, such as the release of mucus or protein hormones, enzymes secreted by digestive glands, hormones secreted by cells of endocrine glands, and neurotransmitters released at synapses.

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17
Q

What is another crucial function of exocytosis?

A

Replacing the membrane removed by endocytosis.

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18
Q

What types of macromolecules compose the plasma membrane?

A

Lipids (phospholipds), sugars (glycolipids and glycoproteins), and proteins

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19
Q

What is the cytoplasm and what are its major elements?

A

The material between plasma membrane and the nucleus, formed by cytosol, organelles, and inclusions

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20
Q

What is the main function of the cytoplasmic organelles?

A

They compartmentalize the cell’s biochemical reactions, preventing reactions from interfering with one another and promoting functional efficiency.

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21
Q

The organelles are bound by a membrane that is exactly the same as the cell’s membrane.

A

False. The organelle’s membrane is similar but it lacks a glycocalyx

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22
Q

All cells have all organelles equally developed

A

False. Some organelles are better developed in some cells than in others, depending on the function performed by them

23
Q

Ribosomes

A

Their main function is to produce proteins and they are not surrounded by a membrane, instead they are made out of proteins plus rRNA (ribosomal RNA). Each ribosome consists of two subunits that fit together. They can either float freely in the cytosol or can be attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.

24
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

It is formed of interconnected tubes and parallel membranes forming cisternae. Ribosomes attach to it when a protein is being made then dettach from it once the process is finished. The ER is a continuous space bounded by membranes. Can be divided in Rough ER and smooth ER.

25
Q

What are the main differences between the rough ER and the smooth ER?

A

Rough ER is well developed in gland cells that secrete a large amount of protein and makes the integral proteins and phospholipid molecule; Its external surface is studded with ribosomes. The smooth ER is continuous with the rough ER, mostly related to the processing of fats. Abundant in cells that make lipid steroid hormones and liver cells. Does not contain proteins but it is responsible for lipid and cholesterol mechanisms and detoxification of drugs. Stores and release calcium ions in skeletal and cardiac muscle, being essential for muscle contraction.

26
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

It is a network of cisternae and secretory vesicles. It is responsible for modifying, concentrating, sorting, and packaging proteins made in the ER, then sending them to the correct destination.

27
Q

What are the three different pathways the Golgi apparatus uses to secrete products to their destinations?

A

Pathway A: Occurs in gland cells, product is contained in secretory vesicles, which ultimately release their contents in the exterior of the cell by exocytosis.
Pathway B: Common in all cells, membrane fuses to and contributes to the plasma mebrane
Pathway C: Common in all cells, vesicle leaving the apparatus is a lysosome that remains in the cell.

28
Q

The Golgi apparatus ships vesicles to all organelles in the cell

A

False, it sends vesicles to all organelles except mitochondria.

29
Q

Lysosomes

A

They are membrane-bound vesicles containing digestive enzymes called hydrolases. Lysosomes are responsible for degrading nonfunctional organelles and recycling ued molecules. They can fuse with phagosomes in order to digest their contents. Lysosomes are especially present in white blood cells as they are responsible for degrading bacteria and viruses.

30
Q

Peroxisomes

A

They are membrane bound vesicles that contain a variety of enzymes like oxidases (use oxygen to neutralize aggressive reactive molecules called free radicals, converting them in hydrogen peroxide). Peroxisomes are very common in cells active in detoxification such as liver and kidney cells.

31
Q

Free radicals are normal ____________ of _____________, but if allowed to accumulate, they can destroy the cell’s proteins, membranes, and DNA. ___________ is also reactive and dangerous but it is converted by __________ into ____________ and _____________.

A

By-products, cellular metabolism, hydrogen peroxide, catalase, water, oxygen

32
Q

Mitochondria

A

Double membrane organelle (outter: smooth; inner: folded inward to produce cristae into the matrix). Mitochondria generates most of the cell’s energy via aerobic respiration. Mitochondria contains its own DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis apparatus for 13 subunits of electron transport chain (ETC). Cell types with high energy requirement, such as muscle cells have a large number of of mitochondria in their cytoplasm.

33
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Elaborate network of rods running throughout the cytosol, acting as bones, muscles, and ligaments of the cell.

34
Q

What are the three main elements of the cytoskeleton?

A

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

35
Q

Microfilaments can be described as the ____________ as they help changing the ______________ of the cell. They are strands made of ______ protein subunits called ______, which interact with another protein called _______ to generate contractile forces within the cell.

A

muscles of the cell, shape, spherical, actin, myosin

36
Q

What are the main processes that microfilaments participate?

A

Squeeze one cell into two, in endo and exocytosis it causes changes in membrane shape, in cell movement it extends the pseudopods (amoeboid motion).

37
Q

Actin microfilaments are stable in all cells.

A

False. They are stable in muscle cells only; in other cells they are constantly breaking down and reforming.

38
Q

Intermediate filaments can be considered the ____________ of the cell. The are the most ______ and ____________ of the cytoskeletal elements.. Their most important property is the ________ strength as they ___________ pulling forces placed on the cell. They also link adjacent cells together by attaching to ___________ cell junction called ___________, strong cell to cell attachmetns in the __________.

A

Ligaments, stable, permanent, high tensile, resist, specific, desmosomes, epithelium.

39
Q

Microtubules are ______, ________ tubes made of ____ protein subunits called __________. They all radiate from one specific region called the __________. Microtubules are _________ organelles, constantly growing, ______________, and _____________.

A

Hollow, flexible, spherical, tubulin, centrosome, dynamic, disassembling, reassembling

40
Q

What is the main function of the microtubules?

A

They are responsible for organelle movement, pulling them with the help of small mototr proteins called kinesins and dyneins, which act like train tracks.

41
Q

Nucleus

A

Protects geentica material in eukaryotes, contain genetic library with blueprints for cellular proteins

42
Q

What are the three main elements of the nucleus?

A

Nuclear envelope (double layered membrane with pores), nucleolus (nucleoli), and chromatin (where is all nuclear DNA with associated proteins)

43
Q

What is the main function of the nucleoli?

A

It is the site of ribosome assembly from rRNA and ribosomal proteins

44
Q

The rate of the cell division is the same for all cell types and tissues.

A

False

45
Q

What is example of fast dividing cells?

A

Skin, lineage of intestine

46
Q

What are some slow dividing cells?

A

Liver cells (but can divide quickly is organ is damaged)

47
Q

What are some cells that do not divide?

A

Most of neurons, skeletal muscles, cardiac muscle cells

48
Q

Cell __________ leads to ____________ variation among cell types.

A

Differentiation, structural

49
Q

Specialized functions of different cells rely on:

A

Different arrangement and relative amounts of different organelles and different shapes and sizes of cells

50
Q

Fibroblast

A

Makes components of extrecellular matrix (like collagens); has a large Golgi apparaturs and a large rough ER

51
Q

Erythrocyte

A

Its main job is to transport oxygen, therefore its biconcave shape. It has extra surface area for exchange of O2 and CO2. Erythrocytes have no nucleus or organelles, as all the space is destined for hemoglobin

52
Q

Macrophages

A

They are enriched with lysosomes for digesting phagocytosed materials; uses pseudopods to move through tissues in order to reach infection sites

53
Q

Cells lining kidney tubules

A

It has millions of active NaCl pumps in the basal plasma membrane

Human Anatomy (6 decks)

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