Cell Structure Lecture one

Question 1

what are neurons?

Answer 1

nerve cells

Question 2

what are myocytes?

Answer 2

muscle cells

Question 3

what are epithelial cells?

Answer 3

skin cells

Question 4

what are the blood cells called?

Answer 4

erythrocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes.

Question 5

what are osteocytes?

Answer 5

bone cells

Question 6

what are cartilage cells called?

Answer 6

chondodorcytes

Question 7

what are the cells that connect body parts, form linings, or transport gasses called?

Answer 7

epithelial cells
fibroblasts
erthrocytes

Question 8

what are the cells that move organs and body parts

Answer 8

skeletal muscle cell
smooth muscle cell

Question 9

what is a cell that stores nutrients?

Answer 9

fat cell

Question 10

what is a cell that fights disease?

Answer 10

macrophage

Question 11

what is a cell that gathers information and controls body functions?

Answer 11

nerve cell

Question 12

What are stem cells?

Answer 12

undifferentiated biological cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and can perform mitosis to produce more stem cells.

Question 13

what are the two broad types of stem cells in mammals?

Answer 13

-embryonic stem cells
- adult stem cells, which are found in various tissues.

Question 14

in adults, what cells act as a repair system for the body?

Answer 14

-stem cells
-progenitor cella

Question 15

in a developing embryo what can stem cells differentiate to?

Answer 15

specialized cells - ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm. (germ layers) these give rise to all body tissues and organs)

Question 16

what does potency mean?

Answer 16

the potential the stem cell has to differentiate into different cell types

Question 17

what are totipotent/omnipotent stem cells?

Answer 17

• can differentiate into embryonic and extraembryonic cell types.
  -these cells can construct a complete, viable organism
  -produces from the fusion of egg and sperm cell.

Question 18

what are pluripotent stem cells?

Answer 18

-desecndanst of totipotent cells
-can differentiate into nearly all cells i.e. cells derived from any of the three germ layers.

Question 19

what are multipotent stem cells?

Answer 19

-can differentiate into cell types that are closely related family of cells

Question 20

what are oligopotent stem cells?

Answer 20

-can differentiate into only a few cells types, for example, lymphoid or myeloid stem cells

Question 21

what are unipotent stem cells?

Answer 21

can produce only their own cell type.
-have the property of self renewal, which distinguishes them from non-stem cells.

Question 22

what is protoplasm?

Answer 22

cell contents in thick fluid

Question 23

what are organelles?

Answer 23

structures for cell functions

Question 24

what are prokaryotic cells?

Answer 24

-cells that lack nucleus or membrane bound organelles

Question 25

what is the simplest type of cell?

Answer 25

prokaryotic

Question 26

what are bacterial cell walls compose of?

Answer 26

peptidoglycan

Question 27

what prokaryotic cell doesn’t have the peptidoglycan layer?

Answer 27

archaean

Question 28

why might flagella be present in some prokaryotic cells?

Answer 28

-for locomotion and rotary motion to propel the cell

Question 29

how can bacteria be classified?

Answer 29

according to their response to their grams stain.
they can either be gram+ or gram-

Question 30

what are the characteristics of gram+ bacteria?

Answer 30

-thick cell wall made up of peptidoglycan (50-90% of the cell wall)
-this will stain purple

Question 31

prokaryotic cells

Answer 31

Question 32

what are the characteristics of all cell types?

Answer 32

surrounding membrane
protoplasm - cell contents in a thick fluid
control center dna
prokaryotic/eukaryotic.

Question 33

similarities between plant and animal cell

Answer 33

Question 34

plant cell

Answer 34

Question 35

animal cell

Answer 35

Question 36

cell structure

Answer 36

Question 37

three main parts of cell

Answer 37

plasma membrane
cytoplasm - organelles + cytosol
nucleus

Question 38

what is the plasma membrane composed of and what is its function?

Answer 38

composed of:
phospholipid layer
cholesterol
protein (integral and peripheral)
attached carbohydrates (glycolipids and glycoproteins)

functions:
the barrier between the inside and outside of cell
controls the entry of materials
receives chemical + mechanical messages
transmits signals between intra and extra cellular spaces.

Question 39

plasma membrane phospholipids

Answer 39

amphipathic

Question 40

plasma membrane cholesterol

Answer 40

weakly amphipathic

cholesterol forms organized clusters which pinch portions of plasma membrane to produce vesicles in order to deliver contents to intracellular organelles.

cold temp - maintains fluidity by preventing tight packing
warm temp- restrains phospholipid movements.

Question 41

plasma membrane junctions

Answer 41

desmosomes
right junctions
gap junctions

integrins - transmembrane proteins bound to specific proteins in extracellular matrix links them to membrane proteins in adjacent cells.

Question 42

plasma membrane glycolipids

Answer 42

only appear in the membrane layer which faces extracellular fluid.
polar head and non polar fatty acid tail

Question 43

plasma membrane protein

Answer 43

peripheral
- at membrane surface bound to polar regions of integral membrane proteins
-do not associate with non polar regions.
- not amphipathic
-Coated with glycocalyx for recognition

integral
- amphipathic
- closely associated with membrane lipids
- some transmembrane proteins form channels to let ions/water to pass through the membrane.