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PH112 > Brain > Flashcards

Brain Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the central nervous system?

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

what does the surface anatomy of the brain include?

A

cerebral hemispheres
cerebellum
brainstem

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3
Q

what are the components of the surface anatomy of the brain constituted as?

A

-nerve cells
-glial cells
-blood vessels
-cerebrospinal fluid.

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4
Q

what are the primary constituents of the nervous system?

A

neurons

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5
Q

describe nuerons

A

-receive messages from other neurons through dendrites.

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6
Q

what carries outgoing messages in the nervouse system?

A

axon

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7
Q

what is a nerve?

A

group of axons bundled together in the PNS.

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8
Q

what is a funiculus?

A

bundle of axons

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9
Q

what is nerve fascicle/fasciculus?

A

bundle of funiculi.

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10
Q

define tract

A

group of axons bundled together in the CNS

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11
Q

nucleus

A

collection of neuron cell bodies in the CNS.

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12
Q

define ganglion

A

collection of neuron cell bodies in the PNS.

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13
Q

nervous system diagram

A
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14
Q

what is a myelin sheath made up of?

A

glial cells

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15
Q

why is there a myelin sheath covering some neurons?

A

incrrases neuron efficiency and provides insulation.

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16
Q

what is multiple sclerosis?

A

CNS demyelinating disease

17
Q

what is Guillain-bArre syndrome?

A

demyelinating disease in the PNS

17
Q

what does both spinal cord and the brain consist of?

A

white and gray matter

18
Q

what is white matter?

A

bundles of axons each coated with a sheath of myelin.

19
Q

what is gray matter?

A

masses of the cell bodies and dendrites - each covered with synapses.

20
Q

what are the 3 main nerve tracts in the CNS?

A

Association fibers
commissural fibers
projection fibers.

21
Q

define association fibers.

A

connect cortical areas within the same hemispheres.

22
Q

define commissural fibers

A

connect corresponding cortical areas in the two hemispheres. they cross from one cerebral hemisphere to another through bridges called commissures.

23
Q

diagram for brain fibres.

A
24
Q

define projection fibres

A

connect the cerebral cortex with the corpus striatum, diencephalon, brainstem and spinal cord.

25
Q

how are nerves categorized?

A

based on the direction of the signals.

26
Q

what are the nerves categorised into?

A
  • afferent nerves.
  • efferent nerves.
    -mixed nerves.
27
Q

what are afferent nerves?

A

signals from sensory neurons to the CNS

28
Q

what are efferent nerves?

A

signals from the CNS along motor neurons to their target muscle and glands.

29
Q

what are mixed nerves?

A

contains afferent and efferent axons.
therefore conducts incoming sensory information and outgoing muscle commands in the same bundle.

30
Q

how are afferent/ascending pathways made up?

A

made of one or a series of neurons projecting from the periphery toward the brain.

31
Q

what are efferent/descending pathways made up of?

A

made of one or a series of neurons projecting from the brain towards the periphery.

32
Q

what is the plural of ganglion?

A

dorsal root ganglia

33
Q

what does the dorsal root ganglia contain?

A

contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons. located outside of the spinal cord.

34
Q

what is the first point of the synapse of sensory neurons?

A

dorsal horn (located inside of the spinal cord)

35
Q

what are cranial nerves?

A

innervate parts of the head and connect directly to the brain (especially to the brainstem)

36
Q

how are cranial nerves usually assigned?

A

roman numerals from 1 to 12 and descriptive names.

37
Q

description of spinal nerves

A

arise from the spinal cord
supply the rest of the body
connect CNS to the periphery.

38
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there in a human?

A

31 pairs

PH112 (17 decks)

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