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✅Biology AS Unit 1 > ▪️🔸Cell Structure And Organisation > Flashcards

▪️🔸Cell Structure And Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the membrane of cells made out of?

A

Phospholipids and proteins

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2
Q

What do eukaryotic cells contain?

A

Membrane bound organelles

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3
Q

What are the benefits of Eukaryotic cells? (2)

A
  • Harmful chemicals such as enzymes are isolated

- molecules with particular functions such as chlorophyll can be concentrated in one area

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4
Q

Name the organelles present in a animal cell

A

1) nucleus
2) vesicles
3) Golgi body
4) mitochondrion
5) lysosomes
6) Rough and smooth E.R
7) nuclear pore
8) nuclear envelope
9) chromatin
10) centriole
11) nucleolus

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5
Q

Name all the organelles present in a plant cell

A
  • plasmodesma
  • cytoplasm
  • mitochondrion
  • Tonoplast
  • vacuole
  • vesicle
  • cell membrane and wall
  • rough and smooth ER
  • Chloroplast
  • nucleolus
  • nucleus
  • Golgi body
  • nuclear pore
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6
Q

How big is the nucleus diameter?

A

10-20 um

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7
Q

Name the organelles associated with the nucleus

A
  • nuclear envelope
  • nuclear pore
  • nucleoplasm
  • chromatin
  • nucleolus
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8
Q

How many membranes is the nucleus bound by?

What is this called?

A
  • 2

- the nuclear envelope

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9
Q

What does the nucleus contain? (2)

What are these made out of?

A
  • Chromosomes and chromatin

- made of DNA and protein (polypeptide chains)

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10
Q

Why are the chromosomes is important in the nucleus?

A

They direct protein synthesis because they are the site of transcription (the synthesis of RNA to form DNA)

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11
Q

Why are the nuclear pores important?

A
  • makes the outer membrane continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • they allow the movement of large molecules such as mRNA and ribosomes
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12
Q

What is granular material in the nucleus?

What does it contain?

A
  • nucleoplasm

- contains chromatin

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13
Q

What is chromatin?

What does it do during cell division?

A
  • Coils of DNA bound to protein

- during cell division chromatin condensed into chromosomes

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14
Q

Name the spherical bodies inside the nucleus?

Why is this/these important?

A
  • nucleolus

- important as they are the sites of the formation of rRNA (ribosomal ribonucleic acid) a part of ribosomes

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15
Q

What shape are mitochondria and what is their length?

A

They are cylindrical and 1-10 um in length

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16
Q

Name the structural parts of mitochondria

A
  • outer membrane
  • inner membrane
  • inter membrane fluid
  • cristae
  • 70s ribosomes
  • matrix
  • DNA
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17
Q

Describe the structure of mitochondria

A
  • 2 membranes (outer and inner) separates by a narrow fluid filled intern membrane space
  • inner membrane is folded inward to form cristae
  • 70s ribosomes and a small circle of DNA
  • a matrix
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18
Q

Describe the matrix of a mitochondrion

A

A solution containing many compounds including lipids and proteins

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19
Q

What does the circle of DNA and ribosomes enable mitochondria to make?

A

Some of their own proteins and self replicate as DNA is a template for DNA replication

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20
Q

What is the primary function of the mitochondria?

A

To produce ATP in aerobic respiration

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21
Q

Where do the reactions occur inside a mitochondrion?

A

In the matrix and inner membrane

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22
Q

Why are mitochondria cylindrical?

A

To reduce the diffusion distance making the aerobic respiration more efficient

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23
Q

Why is the inner membrane in the mitochondria folded to form a cristae?

A

To provide a large a large surface area for the enzymes involved in aerobic respiration to attach

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24
Q

What kind of cells contain a high number of mitochondria?

A

Metabolically active cells e.g muscle

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25
Q

Which ribosomes are larger 80s or 70s?

A

The 80s

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26
Q

What does (s) stand for in 80s or 70s ribosomes?

A

-The sedimentation value

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27
Q

How is the sedimentation value of a ribosome decided?

A

Ribosomes are spun into an ultracentrifuge, the larger and denser structures sink faster and are given a higher (s) value

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28
Q

Where do chloroplasts occur?

Where in a leaf is this?

A
  • cells of photosynthesising tissue

- the upper leaf called the palisade mesophyll cell

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29
Q

How many membranes do a chloroplast have?

What does this form?

A

-2 membranes which form a chloroplast envelope

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30
Q

What is the inner membrane space in a chloroplast called?

What is this filled with?

A
  • Stroma

- fluid containing the products of photosynthesis

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31
Q

What is found inside the stroma inside a chloroplast? (2)

-what do these enable?

A
  • small rings of DNA and 70s ribosomes

- enable the mitochondria to make some of its own proteins and self-replicate

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32
Q

What are the sacs inside the stroma called inside chloroplasts?
What is the name for a stack of sacks?
How is this arrangement beneficial to chloroplasts?

A
  • sac=thylakoid
  • stack=granum
  • the parallel granum’s provide a large surface area for trapping light energy effectively
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33
Q

What is found inside of a thylakoid in the stroma of a chloroplast?

A

-photosynthetic pigment such as chlorophyll

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34
Q

What are the endoplasmic reticulum made of in general?

A

A maze of double parallel membranes

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35
Q

What do the parallel double membranes inside ER form?

A

They form flattened sacs with interconnected fluid filled spaces called cisternae

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36
Q

What do the cisternae inside of ER do?

A

They are channels that allow the transport of materials through the cell

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37
Q

What is the main structural reason for making rough ER rough?

A

It has ribosomes bound to the outer surface

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38
Q

What is the rough ER used for?

A

It is used to transport proteins made in the Ribosomes

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39
Q

In which type of cells are rough ER in large numbers?

A

Cells that make a lot of protein such as amylase producing cells in the salivary glands

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40
Q

What is the main structural difference between rough and smooth ER

A

Smooth ER don’t have ribosomes

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41
Q

What is the main function of smooth ER?

A

They’re associated with the synthesis and transport of lipids

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42
Q

What type of cells have smooth ER in large numbers?

A

Cells that store large quantities for carbohydrates, proteins and fats such as liver and secretory cells

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43
Q

What are the endoplasmic reticulum connected to?

A

The nuclear envelope to transport materials through the cell

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44
Q

In what organelles are ribosomes found?

A

Freely attached to a membrane in the rough ER, mitochondria and chloroplast

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45
Q

What is the sedimentation value (s) of ribosomes in prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic cells

A

Prokaryotic cells= 70S

Eukaryotic cells= 80s

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46
Q

Where are ribosomes made?

A

Nucleolus

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47
Q

What are ribosomes made out of?

A

One large subunit and one small subunit made of protein and rRNA

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48
Q

What is the vital role of a ribosome?

A

Vital role in protein synthesis as they are the site of DNA translation where mRNA is used to assemble the polypeptide chain

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49
Q

What do the Golgi apparatus have a similar structure to?

A

The Endoplasmic reticulum, just more compact

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50
Q

What happens in the Golgi apparatus to the vesicles?

A

The vesicles containing polypeptides formed at the rough ER fuse with the stack of membranes that make up the Golgi apparatus

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51
Q

What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

It is the site of protein modification and ‘packaging’ for transport

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52
Q

What happens to proteins in the Golgi apparatus?

A

Proteins are bound at the cis face, are modified and leave at the trans face

53
Q

Where are modified proteins contained in the Golgi apparatus?

A

In membrane bubbles called vesicles

54
Q

What do the vesicles do in the Golgi apparatus?

A

The vesicles takes modified protein to other parts of the cell or to the outer cell membrane where they leave by exocytosis

55
Q

What are the main functions of the Golgi body? (6)

A
  • production of secretory enzymes
  • packaging secretory enzymes into vesicles
  • producing glycoprotein
  • transporting and storing lipids
  • forming lysosomes
  • secreting carbohydrates
56
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Small temporary vacuoles made of a single membrane

57
Q

When are lysosomes formed?

A

When potentially harmful digestive enzymes are produced in the Golgi apparatus and leave taking some of the membrane with them

58
Q

When are enzymes released in lysosomes?

A

When the cell needs to recycle worn out organelles

59
Q

What can the enzymes in lysosomes do?

Give an example of this?

A

Recycle worn out organelles and digest material that has been taken into the cell

60
Q

Why are lysosomes important to immunity?

A

Lysosomes fuse to vesicles containing engulfed bacteria in phagocytes

61
Q

Where are centrioles found

A

Only animal cells

62
Q

Where are centrioles located?

A

Just outside the nucleus

63
Q

What do centrioles consist of?

A

2 rings of microtubules making a hollow tube that sits at right angles to each other

64
Q

What are a pair of centrioles called?

A

Centrosomes

65
Q

What happens inside a centriole during cell division?

A

The centriole organise the microtubules to produce spindle that pulls chromosomes go opposite ends of the cell

66
Q

What is a vacuole in a plant cell?

A

A large central permanent fluid filled sac

67
Q

What is a vacuole in an animal cell?

A

A small, scattered and temporary sac e.g lysosome

68
Q

How many membranes is a vacuole bound by?

What is this called

A

A single membrane called a tonoplast

69
Q

What does a vacuole normally contain?

A

Cell sap, a solution storing genital such as glucose, amino acids and minerals
-can store vitamins and pigments (citrus fruit)

70
Q

What is the primary function of a vacuole

A

To provide structural support for soft plant tissue through becoming turgid

71
Q

What is the a cell wall mainly made out of?

A

Cellulose

72
Q

How is the cell wall formed?

A

Formed by cellulose molecules that are held together by microfibrils which are arranged into givers and embedded into a polysaccharide matrix called pectin

73
Q

What are the 3 primary functions of a cell wall?

A

1) communications between cells
2) transport
3) mechanical strength

74
Q

How does cytoplasm flow through cell walls

A

Cell walls have pores called outs which allow cytoplasm to flow from one cell to the next

75
Q

What is the name of cytoplasm that flows between cells?

A

Plasmodesmata

76
Q

What is the network of connected cytoplasm called and what does it form?

A

Called symplast and forms a symplast pathway

77
Q

What role does the symplast pathway play?

A

Important role in water transport through a plant

78
Q

Why are the gaps between the cellulose fibres important in the cell wall? (2)

A

They allow for the movement of small molecules (water/dissolved ions)
Makes the cell wall fully permeable to such molecules

79
Q

What is the space outside the cell through which solution moves called?

A

Apoplast

80
Q

What are the apoplast pathways?

A

The main way the water crosses a plant root

81
Q

What gives a cell wall it’s great mechanical strength?

A

The structure of the cellulose drivers and their laminated arrangement

82
Q

When does the cell become turgid?

A

When the vacuole is full of sap it pushes against the cell wall which resists the force and becomes turgid

83
Q

Give examples of things that contain Eukaryotic cells

A

Fungi, plants and animals

84
Q

Give an example of something that had prokaryotic cells

A

Bacterium

85
Q

What is missing in prokaryotic cells that are present in Eukaryotic cells?

A

Membrane bound organelles are not present e.g there is no nucleus

86
Q

What are all prokaryotic cells? (To do with cell structure)

A

They are all unicellular and rarely fore multicellular structures

87
Q

Name the parts of a prokaryotic cell

A 
Slime coat in some bacteria
Cell wall
Cell membrane 
Mesosome 
Cytoplasm
Ribosome 
Plasmid 
DNA
Flagellum
88
Q

What is the difference in size between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic =1-10 um

Eukaryotic =10-100 um

89
Q

What is the difference in organelles between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic =none

Eukaryotic = membrane bound

90
Q

What is the difference in the DNA between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells?

A 
Prokaryotic = free in cytoplasm
Eukaryotic = combined with protein in chromosomes
91
Q

What is the difference of nuclear envelopes between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells?

A 
Prokaryotic = none 
Eukaryotic = double membrane
92
Q

What is the difference between the value of ribosomes In Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic =70s (free in cytoplasm)

Eukaryotic = 80s (free in cytoplasm or attached to ER)

93
Q

What is the difference in the structure of the cell wall between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A 
Prokaryotic = peptidoglycan 
Eukaryotic = cellulose In plants and chitin in fungi
94
Q

Name 2 things prokaryotic cells have that Eukaryotic cells don’t

A

Plasmids

Mesosome

95
Q

What is the function of the mesosome?

A

It is the site of aerobic respiration in a prokaryotic cell

96
Q

How do prokaryotic cells photosynthesise?

A

They use their photosynthetic lamellae

97
Q

What makes viruses acellular?

A

They are acellular because they are not made of cells

98
Q

What kind of microscope can see a virus and what can’t?

A

Light microscope can’t see viruses

Electron microscope can see viruses

99
Q

How does a virus exist outside of a cell (name)

A

It exists as a ‘virion’

100
Q

What is the only characteristic of life that viruses show?

A

Their ability to reproduce

101
Q

What do viruses do inside a cell?

A

Take over the cells metabolism and multiply inside the host cell

102
Q

What is a virus particle made up of?

A

A core of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat

103
Q

Name an example of a virus which attack bacteria?

A

Bacteriophages

104
Q

Name an example of a virus in humans and plants

A 
Human = chickenpox/HIV
Plant= cauliflower mosaic virus
105
Q

Define stem cell

A

A cell with the ability to differentiate into a specialised cell with a specific function

106
Q

Name 2 ways in which a cell becomes specialised

A

In their structure and in the chemical reactions they perform

107
Q

What do multicellular organisms have?

A

They have specialised cells, forming tissues and organs

108
Q

Define a tissue

A

A group of cells working together with a common function, structure and origin in the embryo

109
Q

Name the 3 types of mammalian tissue

A

Epithelial, muscular and connective tissue

110
Q

Name the 3 forms of epithelial tissue

A

Cuboidal epithelium, ciliates columnar epithelium and squamous epithelium cell

111
Q

Where do cuboidal epithelium cells occur?

A

Proximal conovoluted tubule of the kidney nephron and the ducts of the salivary glands

112
Q

How thick are cuboidal epithelium?

A

Tissue is just one cell thick

113
Q

Where are Columnar epithelium cells found?

A

In tissue lining tubes that substances move through such as the Oviduct and trachea

114
Q

Where are squamous epithelial cells found?

A

Form walls of the alveoli and line the bowmans capsule of the nephron

115
Q

What do all epithelial tissue contain?

A

1-their specific cell in the correct shape
2-nucleus
3-basement membrane

116
Q

What are the three main types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle

117
Q

Which muscle is unstriated (not striped)

A

Smooth muscle

118
Q

Which type of muscle is voluntary and which is involuntary?

A

Skeletal muscle= voluntary

Smooth muscle= involuntary

119
Q

Where does smooth muscle occur?

A

Skin, walls of blood vessels and in the digestive and respiratory tracts

120
Q

Where does cardiac muscle occur?

A

Only in the heart

121
Q

What does connective tissue do?

A

Connects, supports or separates tissues and organs

122
Q

What does connective tissue contain?

A

Elastic and collagen fibres in an extracellualar fluid or matrix

123
Q

Define an organ

A

A group of tissues in a structural unit working together and performing a specific function

124
Q

why is an eye a organ in humans

A

because it contains nervous, connective, muscle and epithelial tissues :: it is the organ of sight

125
Q

Explain why a leaf is an organ in plants

A

Because if contains epidermal tissue, vascular tissue and packaging tissue, specialised for photosynthesis

126
Q

Define organ system

A

A group of organs working together with a particular role

127
Q

Give some examples of mammalian organ systems

A

Circulatory (heart, aorta)
Nervous (Brian and spinal cord)
Respiratory (trachea, lung)

128
Q

Define organism

A

A discrete individual made out of organ systems working together

✅Biology AS Unit 1 (10 decks)

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