Cell Structure and Function Flashcards
1
Q
Who and when was the cell wall discovered by?
A
Robert Hooke in 1665
2
Q
What secretes the cell wall?
A
Protoplasm
3
Q
What is cellulose used for?
A
1) Nitrocellulose (Explosives)
2) Rayan (textile fiber)
3) Cellophane
4) Plastics (celluloid/cinematography)
5) Paper making
4
Q
Middle lamella thickness
A
1 micrometer
5
Q
Primary wall thickness
A
1-3 micrometers
6
Q
Secondary wall thickness
A
5-10 micrometers
7
Q
First wall formed in developing cell?
A
Primary wall
8
Q
Most optically active cell wall
A
Secondary
9
Q
Lignin is absent in which cell wall?
A
Primary
10
Q
Salts in secondary wall
A
Ca, Mg, K, Silica
11
Q
When secondary wall is formed completely cell dies. Why?
A
No more space for living activities
12
Q
Middle lamella is absent in chlamydomonas. Why?
A
Because it is unicellular
13
Q
Plasma membrane composition? Percentages of each part?
A
Lipids (20-40%) Proteins (60-80%) Carbohydrates (2-3%)
14
Q
Fluid Mosaic Model by who and when?
A
Singer and Nicholson in 1972
15
Q
Unit membrane Model by who and when?
A
Robertson in 1959
16
Q
J F Danielle & Daveson 1935. Which model?
A
Lipid bilayer covered with proteins and protein pores
17
Q
Gorter & Grendel 1925. Which model?
A
Two layers of lipid molecules only
18
Q
Intrinsic proteins _______
A
extend completely through the double layer of lipids from one side to another
19
Q
Extrinisic proteins ______
A
Smaller proteins placed among the phospholipid molecules on one side of the membrane.
20
Q
Glycocalyx consists of:
A
Glycolipids and glycoproteins
21
Q
Glycocalyx more prominent in which type of cell and why?
A
Animal cells because there is no cell wall and the outermost layer is the cell membrane.
22
Q
What are Ca+2 ions and cholesterol present in the plasma membrane for?
A
Essential to make sure lipid bilayer doesnt split apart.
23
Q
Cholestrol is _____ in prokaryotes, ______ in plant cells and _________ in animal cells.
A
Absent in prokaryotes, lesser in plant cells, and more in animal cells.
24
Q
Which side is glycocalyx on?
A
Exterior of membrane
25
Which part of the phospholipid molecule is polar
Polar head (hydrophilic)
26
Polysaccharide cellulose is the building material of?
primary cell wall
27
The middle lamella of cell-wall is composed of
pectin
28
Lipid bilayer makes the membrane differentially permeable that allows the transport of
non-polar materials
29
Microvillae are also called
Cristae
30
All types of plastids are produced from
Proplastids
31
Potato plastids, which store starch, are known as
Amyloplasts
32
Plant cell synthesize sugar in the
stroma
33
Size of chloroplasts
4-6 micrometers
34
The growth and reproduction of eukaryotic cell is dependent upon its
nucleus
35
Number of chromosomes in Tobacco is
48
36
Number of chromosomes in Onion
16
37
Number of chromosomes in garden pea
14
38
Number of chromosomes in Chimpanzee
48
39
Number of chromosomes in froggie
26
40
Number of chromosomes in Drosophila (Fruit Fly)
8
41
Number of chromosomes in pigeon
80
42
DNA of bacterium is
Haploid, double stranded, coiled
43
Cell theory was proposed by
Schleiden
44
Anthocyanins are various types of colourful pigments present in the
Chromoplasts
45
The centre of porphyrin in the head region of haemoglobin is occupied by
Iron
46
The centre of porphyrin in the head region of chlorophyll is occupied by:
Magnesium
47
The outermost living boundary of a plant cell is ______. Why?
Cell membrane (cell wall is dead)
48
Pick a cell wall which is not made up of carbohydrate. What is it made up of?
Bacterial cell wall. Peptidoglycan
49
The outermost layer in a typical plant cell is
Primary cell wall
50
Pectin is the main component of
Middle lamella
51
Cell wall is synthesized by
Golgi apparatus
52
Cell wall is secreted by
Protoplasm
53
A cell contains central large vacuole but is without cell wall is termed as
Protoplast
54
Rectangular shape of plant cells is due to
Cell wall
55
Fluidity of plasma membrane is dependent upon:
A) Phospholipid
B) Glycolipids
C) Cholesterol
D) All
Phospholipid
56
Which of them make the lipid bilayer of plasma membrane stable?
A) Phospholipid
B) Glycolipids
C) Cholesterol
D) All
Phospholipid
57
A chemical composition of plasma membrane which do the same function as middle lamella of cell wall is
A) Phospholipid
B) Glycolipids
C) Cholesterol
D) None
Cholesterol
58
If 3 ribosomes attach to single mRNA at different points then how many similar proteins will form?
None
59
Which statement about the nucleolus is not true?
A) No membranous boundary
B) Composed of two regions
C) Site of synthesis for rRNA
D) Hereditary center
Hereditary center
60
Which of the following cell structure contains the highest concentration of RNA?
A. Centriole
B. Mitochondria
C. Nucleolus
D. Nucleus
Nucleolus
61
Which of the following is not the function of endoplasmic reticulum?
A. Transport of material
B. Mechanical support
C. Synthesis of conjugated molecules
D. All of these
Synthesis of conjugated molecules
62
Network of tubules continuous with nuclear membrane
A. RER
B. SER
C. Both A and B
D. None
RER
63
Which of the following is not present in mitochondria?
A. Enzymes
B. Coenzymes
C. Ribosomes
D. Thylakoid
Thylakoid
64
The mitochondria in a fertilized egg are derived from
All from mother
65
Which of the them regulate the numbers of mitochondria in a cell?
A. Ribosomes
B. Cytoplasm
C. Lysosome
D. Endoplasmic reticulum
Lysosome
66
Proteins and lipids are converted into glycolipids and glycoproteins by adding carbohydrates by?
Golgi apparatus
67
Shape of the maturing phase of the Golgi apparatus is?
Concave
68
Cis face of golgi also known as:
Forming/proximal face
69
Which side does cis face of Golgi face?
Nucleus
70
Trans face of Golgi also known as:
Maturing/Distal face
71
Trans side of Golgi faces
Cell membrane
72
Which structure gives surface area to plasma membrane
Golgi Body
73
A disease caused by the absence of a lysosomal enzyme responsible for lipid catabolism:
Tay-Sach’s disease
74
In Glycogenosis type II:
The liver and muscle cells are filled with glycogen within membrane bound organelles. The enzyme which converts glycogen to glucose is absent
75
The type of plastids found in roots of plants:
Leucoplasts
76
Elioplast is
Storage plastid
77
Damage to one of the following immediately kills the cell whether it is prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Cell membrane
78
Pick a multinucleated cell
Coenocytic cell
79
What part of the cell serves as an intracellular highway?
Endoplasmic reticulum
80
Which statement is true about lipid bilayer of plasma membrane?
A. Permeable to large ionic polar molecules
B. Permeable to small ionic molecules
C. Permeable to only polar molecules
D. None of the above
Permeable to only small ionic molecules
81
It is not a role of cell membrane
Initiation of cell division
82
Why are ions unable to cross the plasma membrane without channel proteins?
They are unable to cross the hydrophobic tails of the lipid bilayer
83
The number of nuclear pores is highly variable in eukaryotic cells because of?
Size of nucleus
84
Distribution of intrinsic proteins in the plasma membrane is?
Assymetrical (not random)
85
Which enzyme is synthesized by free floating ribosomes of cytoplasm in humans?
DNA polymerase
86
Integral proteins are also known as
Permeases
87
Lipid bilayer makes the membrane differentially permeable barrier that allows the transport of
Non-polar materials
88
Lipid bilayer prevents the transport of
Ionic material
89
Fluidity of the plasma membrane increases with increase in
Unsaturated fatty acids in the membrane
90
What are unsaturated fatty acids?
Have double bonds (unsaturated because there is space for more hydrogen)
91
Glycolipids and glycoproteins act as
Cell surface markers
92
Membrane carbohydrates are responsible for
Endocytosis, Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis
93
Width of the plasma membrane
7 nm (nanometers)
94
Hydro____ lipids repel _____ molecules such as _____ and ______s in the plasma membrane
Hydrophobic lipids repel polar molecules such as glucose and amino acids in the plasma membrane
95
Cytoplasm is made up of
Cell organelles, insoluble wastes and storage products
96
Cytosol is formed of
90% water and 10-30% dissolved substances (organelles and in/organic chemicals)
97
Small molecules and ions form ____ solutions
True solutions
98
Some large molecules may form ______ solutions
Colloidal solutions
99
Often the outer region of cytoplasm is more
Gel-like
100
In the cytosol ____ move about in cytoplasm due to cytoplasmic streaming movements
Mitochondria
101
Active mass movement of cytoplasm is called
Cyclosis
102
Non membranous organelles are:
Ribosomes and centrioles
103
Prokaryotes have only _______ organelles
Non-membranous
104
Which organelle is continuous with plasma membrane
Endoplasmic reticulum
105
Cisternae are
Channels in ER stacked above each other, separated from the cytoplasmic materials
106
Functions of SER (5)
1) Lipid synthesis
2) Detoxification of harmful drugs
3) Transmission of impulses
4) Transport of materials from one part of cell to another
5) Provides mechanical support to cell so shape is maintained.
107
SER makes lipids from fatty acids and glycerol absorbed in the gut and passes them to which organelle for export?
Golgi apparatus
108
More Golgi bodies in _____
Animals than plants
109
Golgi Apparatus was discovered by who, when and how
Camillo Golgi in 1898 by using special staining techniques
110
Cisternae (in Golgi) are
Stacks of flattened membrane bounded sacs
111
Golgi complex consists of units called
Dictyosomes
112
List 5 Functions of Golgi
1) Enzyme synthesis
2) Transport of vesicles
3) Storage, Modification and Packaging of secretory products
4) Polysaccharides synthesis and further synthesis of glycolipids and glyoproteins
5) Adding surface area to plasma membrane
113
Lysosomes were discovered by who and when
De Duve in 1949
114
Lysosomes contain very large variety of food digesting enzymes called
Hydrolases
115
Lysosomes are bound by________ and contain numerous _____ and ___________ enzymes
Bound by a single membrane and contain hydrolytic and acid phosphatase enzymes
116
The _______ and ___________ enzymes in lysosomes are synthesized on _______ and further processed in ______.
The Hydrolytic and Acid Phosphatase enzymes are synthesized on RER and further processed in the Golgi apparatus
117
Processed enzymes are budded off as Golgi vesicles and are known as
Primary lysosomes
118
Primary lysosomes are
Polymorphic
119
Secondary lysosomes are
Lysosomes that are split off from the Golgi apparatus
120
Degeneration of the cell may occur during
Developmental processes
121
Diseases produced by a mutation that effects one of the lysosomal enzymes involved in the catabolism of certain substances are called
Storage diseases
122
Vacuoles originate from
The ER / Golgi complex / Plasma membrane
123
Freshwater protists have
Contractile vacuoles
124
What do contractile vacuoles do
Pump out excess water to maintain a suitable concentration of ions and molecules inside the cell
125
In plant cells, large central vacuole is developed by
Joining smaller vacuoles
126
Solution inside vacuoles
Cell sap
127
What is present inside cell sap
Inorganic ions (K+ and Cl-)
128
Central vacuole maintains _____ and acts as a ______
Maintains turgor and acts as a storehouse of the cell
129
Membrane separating the vacuole from the cytoplasm
Tonoplast
130
Mitochondria were first seen
As granules in muscle cells in 1850
131
The inner surface of cristae in the mitochondrial matrix has
Small knob like structures called elementary particles (F0, F1 particles)
132
Chloroplasts, Chromoplasts, and Leucoplasts are all structurally identical, they only differ on the basis of
On the basis of pigments and their concentrations
133
Chloroplasts diameter
4-6µm
134
Chloroplasts appear to be _______ structures with small granules known as ________ embedded in the matrix
Heterogenous structures with small granules known as grana
135
When lamellae get open and dilated theyre known as
Thylakoid sacs
136
Stroma is a
Fluid in the chloroplast which surrounds the thylakoids
137
Stroma contains
proteins, some ribosomes and a small circular DNA
138
How many thylakoid sacs form a granum
50+
139
Chromoplasts are present in
Fruits and petals of the flower
140
Leucoplasts are
colorless and present in the underground parts of the plant. they store food
they are triangular, tubular, etc
141
Nucleus was discovered by
Robert Brown in 1838
142
Nucleus diameter
10µm
143
Multinucleate is known as
Coenocetic condition
144
Peripheral nucleolus area contains
Ribosomal units (RNA + protein)
145
Central part of nucleolus contains
Mostly RNA and rDNA
146
Nucleoplasm is also known as
Karyoplasm
147
Nucleoplasm serves as a
storage place for chromatin, enzymes, raw material needed for DNA replication and synthesis of RNA
148
Genome means
total DNA content / genetic material
149
Chromosomes DNA starts at ___ and ends up becoming ____
2nm and ends up becoming 700nm
150
A chromosome is composed of
40% DNA and 60% protein
151
Chromosomes in pigeon
80
152
Chromosomes in Chimpanzee
48
153
Chromosomes in potato
48
154
Chromosomes in man
46
155
Chromosomes in frogs
26
156
Chromosomes in Onion
16
157
Chromosomes in peas
14
158
Chromosomes in Drosophila
8
159
Undifferentiated cells (i.e. eggs) have __________ pores per nucleus
30,000 pores
160
DNA material in bacteria
Single circular double stranded DNA molecule
161
Types of sexual reproduction of bacteria
Conjugation = Pilli
Transformation = environment
Transduction = viruses that infect bacteria
