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Biology > Cell Structure and Function > Flashcards

Cell Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

Who and when was the cell wall discovered by?

A

Robert Hooke in 1665

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2
Q

What secretes the cell wall?

A

Protoplasm

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3
Q

What is cellulose used for?

A

1) Nitrocellulose (Explosives)
2) Rayan (textile fiber)
3) Cellophane
4) Plastics (celluloid/cinematography)
5) Paper making

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4
Q

Middle lamella thickness

A

1 micrometer

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5
Q

Primary wall thickness

A

1-3 micrometers

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6
Q

Secondary wall thickness

A

5-10 micrometers

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7
Q

First wall formed in developing cell?

A

Primary wall

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8
Q

Most optically active cell wall

A

Secondary

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9
Q

Lignin is absent in which cell wall?

A

Primary

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10
Q

Salts in secondary wall

A

Ca, Mg, K, Silica

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11
Q

When secondary wall is formed completely cell dies. Why?

A

No more space for living activities

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12
Q

Middle lamella is absent in chlamydomonas. Why?

A

Because it is unicellular

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13
Q

Plasma membrane composition? Percentages of each part?

A

Lipids (20-40%) Proteins (60-80%) Carbohydrates (2-3%)

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14
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model by who and when?

A

Singer and Nicholson in 1972

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15
Q

Unit membrane Model by who and when?

A

Robertson in 1959

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16
Q

J F Danielle & Daveson 1935. Which model?

A

Lipid bilayer covered with proteins and protein pores

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17
Q

Gorter & Grendel 1925. Which model?

A

Two layers of lipid molecules only

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18
Q

Intrinsic proteins _______

A

extend completely through the double layer of lipids from one side to another

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19
Q

Extrinisic proteins ______

A

Smaller proteins placed among the phospholipid molecules on one side of the membrane.

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20
Q

Glycocalyx consists of:

A

Glycolipids and glycoproteins

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21
Q

Glycocalyx more prominent in which type of cell and why?

A

Animal cells because there is no cell wall and the outermost layer is the cell membrane.

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22
Q

What are Ca+2 ions and cholesterol present in the plasma membrane for?

A

Essential to make sure lipid bilayer doesnt split apart.

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23
Q

Cholestrol is _____ in prokaryotes, ______ in plant cells and _________ in animal cells.

A

Absent in prokaryotes, lesser in plant cells, and more in animal cells.

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24
Q

Which side is glycocalyx on?

A

Exterior of membrane

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25
Q

Which part of the phospholipid molecule is polar

A

Polar head (hydrophilic)

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26
Q

Polysaccharide cellulose is the building material of?

A

primary cell wall

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27
Q

The middle lamella of cell-wall is composed of

A

pectin

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28
Q

Lipid bilayer makes the membrane differentially permeable that allows the transport of

A

non-polar materials

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29
Q

Microvillae are also called

A

Cristae

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30
Q

All types of plastids are produced from

A

Proplastids

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31
Q

Potato plastids, which store starch, are known as

A

Amyloplasts

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32
Q

Plant cell synthesize sugar in the

A

stroma

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33
Q

Size of chloroplasts

A

4-6 micrometers

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34
Q

The growth and reproduction of eukaryotic cell is dependent upon its

A

nucleus

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35
Q

Number of chromosomes in Tobacco is

A

48

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36
Q

Number of chromosomes in Onion

A

16

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37
Q

Number of chromosomes in garden pea

A

14

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38
Q

Number of chromosomes in Chimpanzee

A

48

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39
Q

Number of chromosomes in froggie

A

26

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40
Q

Number of chromosomes in Drosophila (Fruit Fly)

A

8

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41
Q

Number of chromosomes in pigeon

A

80

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42
Q

DNA of bacterium is

A

Haploid, double stranded, coiled

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43
Q

Cell theory was proposed by

A

Schleiden

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44
Q

Anthocyanins are various types of colourful pigments present in the

A

Chromoplasts

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45
Q

The centre of porphyrin in the head region of haemoglobin is occupied by

A

Iron

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46
Q

The centre of porphyrin in the head region of chlorophyll is occupied by:

A

Magnesium

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47
Q

The outermost living boundary of a plant cell is ______. Why?

A

Cell membrane (cell wall is dead)

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48
Q

Pick a cell wall which is not made up of carbohydrate. What is it made up of?

A

Bacterial cell wall. Peptidoglycan

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49
Q

The outermost layer in a typical plant cell is

A

Primary cell wall

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50
Q

Pectin is the main component of

A

Middle lamella

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51
Q

Cell wall is synthesized by

A

Golgi apparatus

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52
Q

Cell wall is secreted by

A

Protoplasm

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53
Q

A cell contains central large vacuole but is without cell wall is termed as

A

Protoplast

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54
Q

Rectangular shape of plant cells is due to

A

Cell wall

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55
Q

Fluidity of plasma membrane is dependent upon:

A) Phospholipid
B) Glycolipids
C) Cholesterol
D) All

A

Phospholipid

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56
Q

Which of them make the lipid bilayer of plasma membrane stable?

A) Phospholipid
B) Glycolipids
C) Cholesterol
D) All

A

Phospholipid

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57
Q

A chemical composition of plasma membrane which do the same function as middle lamella of cell wall is

A) Phospholipid
B) Glycolipids
C) Cholesterol
D) None

A

Cholesterol

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58
Q

If 3 ribosomes attach to single mRNA at different points then how many similar proteins will form?

A

None

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59
Q

Which statement about the nucleolus is not true?
A) No membranous boundary
B) Composed of two regions
C) Site of synthesis for rRNA
D) Hereditary center

A

Hereditary center

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60
Q

Which of the following cell structure contains the highest concentration of RNA?

A. Centriole
B. Mitochondria
C. Nucleolus
D. Nucleus

A

Nucleolus

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61
Q

Which of the following is not the function of endoplasmic reticulum?

A. Transport of material
B. Mechanical support
C. Synthesis of conjugated molecules
D. All of these

A

Synthesis of conjugated molecules

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62
Q

Network of tubules continuous with nuclear membrane

A. RER
B. SER
C. Both A and B
D. None

A

RER

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63
Q

Which of the following is not present in mitochondria?

A. Enzymes
B. Coenzymes
C. Ribosomes
D. Thylakoid

A

Thylakoid

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64
Q

The mitochondria in a fertilized egg are derived from

A

All from mother

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65
Q

Which of the them regulate the numbers of mitochondria in a cell?

A. Ribosomes
B. Cytoplasm
C. Lysosome
D. Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Lysosome

66
Q

Proteins and lipids are converted into glycolipids and glycoproteins by adding carbohydrates by?

A

Golgi apparatus

67
Q

Shape of the maturing phase of the Golgi apparatus is?

A

Concave

68
Q

Cis face of golgi also known as:

A

Forming/proximal face

69
Q

Which side does cis face of Golgi face?

A

Nucleus

70
Q

Trans face of Golgi also known as:

A

Maturing/Distal face

71
Q

Trans side of Golgi faces

A

Cell membrane

72
Q

Which structure gives surface area to plasma membrane

A

Golgi Body

73
Q

A disease caused by the absence of a lysosomal enzyme responsible for lipid catabolism:

A

Tay-Sach’s disease

74
Q

In Glycogenosis type II:

A

The liver and muscle cells are filled with glycogen within membrane bound organelles. The enzyme which converts glycogen to glucose is absent

75
Q

The type of plastids found in roots of plants:

A

Leucoplasts

76
Q

Elioplast is

A

Storage plastid

77
Q

Damage to one of the following immediately kills the cell whether it is prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

Cell membrane

78
Q

Pick a multinucleated cell

A

Coenocytic cell

79
Q

What part of the cell serves as an intracellular highway?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

80
Q

Which statement is true about lipid bilayer of plasma membrane?

A. Permeable to large ionic polar molecules
B. Permeable to small ionic molecules
C. Permeable to only polar molecules
D. None of the above

A

Permeable to only small ionic molecules

81
Q

It is not a role of cell membrane

A

Initiation of cell division

82
Q

Why are ions unable to cross the plasma membrane without channel proteins?

A

They are unable to cross the hydrophobic tails of the lipid bilayer

83
Q

The number of nuclear pores is highly variable in eukaryotic cells because of?

A

Size of nucleus

84
Q

Distribution of intrinsic proteins in the plasma membrane is?

A

Assymetrical (not random)

85
Q

Which enzyme is synthesized by free floating ribosomes of cytoplasm in humans?

A

DNA polymerase

86
Q

Integral proteins are also known as

A

Permeases

87
Q

Lipid bilayer makes the membrane differentially permeable barrier that allows the transport of

A

Non-polar materials

88
Q

Lipid bilayer prevents the transport of

A

Ionic material

89
Q

Fluidity of the plasma membrane increases with increase in

A

Unsaturated fatty acids in the membrane

90
Q

What are unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Have double bonds (unsaturated because there is space for more hydrogen)

91
Q

Glycolipids and glycoproteins act as

A

Cell surface markers

92
Q

Membrane carbohydrates are responsible for

A

Endocytosis, Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis

93
Q

Width of the plasma membrane

A

7 nm (nanometers)

94
Q

Hydro____ lipids repel _____ molecules such as _____ and ______s in the plasma membrane

A

Hydrophobic lipids repel polar molecules such as glucose and amino acids in the plasma membrane

95
Q

Cytoplasm is made up of

A

Cell organelles, insoluble wastes and storage products

96
Q

Cytosol is formed of

A

90% water and 10-30% dissolved substances (organelles and in/organic chemicals)

97
Q

Small molecules and ions form ____ solutions

A

True solutions

98
Q

Some large molecules may form ______ solutions

A

Colloidal solutions

99
Q

Often the outer region of cytoplasm is more

A

Gel-like

100
Q

In the cytosol ____ move about in cytoplasm due to cytoplasmic streaming movements

A

Mitochondria

101
Q

Active mass movement of cytoplasm is called

A

Cyclosis

102
Q

Non membranous organelles are:

A

Ribosomes and centrioles

103
Q

Prokaryotes have only _______ organelles

A

Non-membranous

104
Q

Which organelle is continuous with plasma membrane

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

105
Q

Cisternae are

A

Channels in ER stacked above each other, separated from the cytoplasmic materials

106
Q

Functions of SER (5)

A

1) Lipid synthesis
2) Detoxification of harmful drugs
3) Transmission of impulses
4) Transport of materials from one part of cell to another
5) Provides mechanical support to cell so shape is maintained.

107
Q

SER makes lipids from fatty acids and glycerol absorbed in the gut and passes them to which organelle for export?

A

Golgi apparatus

108
Q

More Golgi bodies in _____

A

Animals than plants

109
Q

Golgi Apparatus was discovered by who, when and how

A

Camillo Golgi in 1898 by using special staining techniques

110
Q

Cisternae (in Golgi) are

A

Stacks of flattened membrane bounded sacs

111
Q

Golgi complex consists of units called

A

Dictyosomes

112
Q

List 5 Functions of Golgi

A

1) Enzyme synthesis
2) Transport of vesicles
3) Storage, Modification and Packaging of secretory products
4) Polysaccharides synthesis and further synthesis of glycolipids and glyoproteins
5) Adding surface area to plasma membrane

113
Q

Lysosomes were discovered by who and when

A

De Duve in 1949

114
Q

Lysosomes contain very large variety of food digesting enzymes called

A

Hydrolases

115
Q

Lysosomes are bound by________ and contain numerous _____ and ___________ enzymes

A

Bound by a single membrane and contain hydrolytic and acid phosphatase enzymes

116
Q

The _______ and ___________ enzymes in lysosomes are synthesized on _______ and further processed in ______.

A

The Hydrolytic and Acid Phosphatase enzymes are synthesized on RER and further processed in the Golgi apparatus

117
Q

Processed enzymes are budded off as Golgi vesicles and are known as

A

Primary lysosomes

118
Q

Primary lysosomes are

A

Polymorphic

119
Q

Secondary lysosomes are

A

Lysosomes that are split off from the Golgi apparatus

120
Q

Degeneration of the cell may occur during

A

Developmental processes

121
Q

Diseases produced by a mutation that effects one of the lysosomal enzymes involved in the catabolism of certain substances are called

A

Storage diseases

122
Q

Vacuoles originate from

A

The ER / Golgi complex / Plasma membrane

123
Q

Freshwater protists have

A

Contractile vacuoles

124
Q

What do contractile vacuoles do

A

Pump out excess water to maintain a suitable concentration of ions and molecules inside the cell

125
Q

In plant cells, large central vacuole is developed by

A

Joining smaller vacuoles

126
Q

Solution inside vacuoles

A

Cell sap

127
Q

What is present inside cell sap

A

Inorganic ions (K+ and Cl-)

128
Q

Central vacuole maintains _____ and acts as a ______

A

Maintains turgor and acts as a storehouse of the cell

129
Q

Membrane separating the vacuole from the cytoplasm

A

Tonoplast

130
Q

Mitochondria were first seen

A

As granules in muscle cells in 1850

131
Q

The inner surface of cristae in the mitochondrial matrix has

A

Small knob like structures called elementary particles (F0, F1 particles)

132
Q

Chloroplasts, Chromoplasts, and Leucoplasts are all structurally identical, they only differ on the basis of

A

On the basis of pigments and their concentrations

133
Q

Chloroplasts diameter

A

4-6µm

134
Q

Chloroplasts appear to be _______ structures with small granules known as ________ embedded in the matrix

A

Heterogenous structures with small granules known as grana

135
Q

When lamellae get open and dilated theyre known as

A

Thylakoid sacs

136
Q

Stroma is a

A

Fluid in the chloroplast which surrounds the thylakoids

137
Q

Stroma contains

A

proteins, some ribosomes and a small circular DNA

138
Q

How many thylakoid sacs form a granum

A

50+

139
Q

Chromoplasts are present in

A

Fruits and petals of the flower

140
Q

Leucoplasts are

A

colorless and present in the underground parts of the plant. they store food
they are triangular, tubular, etc

141
Q

Nucleus was discovered by

A

Robert Brown in 1838

142
Q

Nucleus diameter

A

10µm

143
Q

Multinucleate is known as

A

Coenocetic condition

144
Q

Peripheral nucleolus area contains

A

Ribosomal units (RNA + protein)

145
Q

Central part of nucleolus contains

A

Mostly RNA and rDNA

146
Q

Nucleoplasm is also known as

A

Karyoplasm

147
Q

Nucleoplasm serves as a

A

storage place for chromatin, enzymes, raw material needed for DNA replication and synthesis of RNA

148
Q

Genome means

A

total DNA content / genetic material

149
Q

Chromosomes DNA starts at ___ and ends up becoming ____

A

2nm and ends up becoming 700nm

150
Q

A chromosome is composed of

A

40% DNA and 60% protein

151
Q

Chromosomes in pigeon

A

80

152
Q

Chromosomes in Chimpanzee

A

48

153
Q

Chromosomes in potato

A

48

154
Q

Chromosomes in man

A

46

155
Q

Chromosomes in frogs

A

26

156
Q

Chromosomes in Onion

A

16

157
Q

Chromosomes in peas

A

14

158
Q

Chromosomes in Drosophila

A

8

159
Q

Undifferentiated cells (i.e. eggs) have __________ pores per nucleus

A

30,000 pores

160
Q

DNA material in bacteria

A

Single circular double stranded DNA molecule

161
Q

Types of sexual reproduction of bacteria

A

Conjugation = Pilli
Transformation = environment
Transduction = viruses that infect bacteria

Biology (18 decks)

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