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BIOLOGY > CELL STRUCTURE > Flashcards

CELL STRUCTURE Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Eukaryotic cell

A

A cell type that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

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2
Q

Prokaryotic Cell

A

A cell type that contains no nucleus and no membrane bound organelles

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3
Q

Organelles

A

components of a cell with specific functions

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4
Q

The nucleus properties

A

-Largest organelle in the cell
-spherical structure
-contains the nuclear envelope,chromatin and the nucleolus

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5
Q

The structure of the Nucleus

A

-Contains the DNA of the cell
-DNA codes for instructions of making a protein
-Chromatin is DNA is packed with histone proteins
-chromatin is compact due to the long strands of DNA

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6
Q

The nuclear envelope properties

A

-acts as protection
- contains nuclear pores
- -MRNA and ribasomes can travel through nuclear pores

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7
Q

Structure of nuclear envelope

A
  • nuclear pores are needed to allow molecules to enter and leave the Nucleus
  • contains an inner and outer lipid bilayer which seperates the the nucleus from te rest of the cell
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8
Q

Structure of the nucleolus

A

-contains densely packed DNA and proteins
-very small in size

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9
Q

Functions of nucleolus

A

-nucleolus involved in ribasome production

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10
Q

Function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

-Site of lipid and steroid synthesis
-quite a large structure

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11
Q

Function of ribasomes

A

-Involved in translating DNA into proteins

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12
Q

Structure of Ribasomes

A

-located in the endoplasmic reticulum
-quite small in size
-made from RRNA and protein strands

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13
Q

Function of Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

A
  • transports RER proteins made from ribosomes . Present in cells that make a lot of protein . Amylase making cells in the salivary glands
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14
Q

Structure of the Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

A
  • series of flattened sacs enclosed by a membrane with ribasomes on the surface
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15
Q

Structure of cell membrane

A
  • selectively oermeable outer layer that allows some substances to leave and enter
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16
Q

Structure of mitochondria

A
  • oval shape
  • -bound by a double membrane
  • innner membrane folded to form projetions called cristae
  • The matrix contains all the liquids
    Contains 70s ribosomes a small circle of DNA
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17
Q

Functions of mitochondria

A

-site of aerobic respiration
-releases ATP from sugars
-the energy from ATP is used to fuel cellular responses
Surface area to volume ratio is bigger

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18
Q

Structure and Function of centrioles

A
  • 2 small tubes made of microtubles
  • used for picking up objects in the cell
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19
Q

Functions of chloroplasts

A

-site of photosynthesis
-they absorb light

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20
Q

Structure of chloroplasts

A

-surrounded by a double layer of membrane
-contains 70s ribosomes
- gel like fluid called stroma contains the products for photosynthesis
-within the stroma flattened sacs called thylakoids
-chlorophyll are Lund in the thylakoids

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21
Q

Functions of the Golgi apparatus

A

-SECRETES CARBOHYDRATES
-transforms,modifies and stores LIPIDS
-forms LYSASOMES
-produces secretory enzymes
-forms GLYCOPROTEINS

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22
Q

Functions of lysosomes

A
  • a bag of destructive enzymes that break down unwanted materials
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23
Q

Structure of Vesicles

A

a membrane sac that can store or transport substances

24
Q

Structure of Large vacuoles

A

-they contain a cell sap
-contain hydrolytic enzyme
-vacuole maintains cell stability by being a storage of water keeping cell turgid
-large vacuole surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast

25
Q

Structure of plant cell wall

A
  • a lattice of cellulose made of cellulose fibrils
  • gives strength and shape to the plant
26
Q

Structure of plasma membrane

A
  • cell surface membrane are made of a phospholipid bilayer
27
Q

Structure of plasmadesmota

A

-intercellular pores connecting afjacent plant cells

28
Q

Magnification=

A

Image size÷Actual size

29
Q

light microscopes

A

-poorer resolutiondue to light having a longer wavelenght
-colour images

30
Q

Electron microscope

A

-higher reloultion as electrons have a shorter wavelnght
-only black and white images

31
Q

Magnification

A

The number of times bigger an image appears compared to the size of the specimen

32
Q

Resolution

A

Minimum point between two objects in which they can be viewed as separate

33
Q

Light microscopes Properties

A

Light microscopes

-beam of light is condensed to create an image
~poorer resolution due to light having a longer wavelength
-colour images properties

34
Q

Electron microscopes properties

A

Electron microscopes

~a beam of electrons is condensed to create the image
~higher resolution as electrons have a shorter wavelength
~black and white images

35
Q

mm (millimetre) > um (micrometre)

A

Divide by 1000

36
Q

Micrometre (um) > nanometre (nm)

A

Divide by 1000

37
Q

Prokaryotic cell

A

A cell that contains no nucleus and no membrane bound organelles . Contains 70s ribasomes

38
Q

Example of prokaryotic cell

A

Bacterium . Archae

39
Q

All prokaryotes contain

A

-DNA molecule in cytoplasm
-muriein cell wall
-70s ribosomes
-cytoplasm
-cell membrane

40
Q

Endosymbiosis theory

A

Endosymbiosis describes the origin of chloroplast and mitochondria . Mitochondria and chloroplasts have 70s ribasomes . Ancient bacteria engulfed other bacteria to evolve over time with these same useful adaptations

41
Q

The ER is connected with

A

E nuclear envelope

42
Q

Structure of the Golgi body

A

-contains vesicle with polypeptides
-sort of flattened cabbage like looking organelle

43
Q

Function of lysasomes

A

-small temporary vacuoles that contain and isolate.a potentially harmful membrane

44
Q

All Prokaryotes

A

-DNA molecule in cytoplasm
- murein cell wall
-70s ribasomes
-cytoplasm
-cell membrane

45
Q

Some prokaryotes

A

-slime coat
-Flagella
-plasmids

46
Q

Virus

A

An infectious pathogen that typically consists of a nucleus acid molecules on a protein coat .

47
Q

When viruses take over a cell they are able to

A

Invade a cell and reproduce

48
Q

Stem cells

A

Have the ability to differentiate into any kind f cell type in the body

49
Q

Differentiation

A

The development of a cell into a specifi type

50
Q

Tissues

A

A group of cells with the same structure and function working together

51
Q

Mammalian have several types of tissues including

A

Epithelial,muscular and connective tissue

52
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Forms a continuous layer covering internal and external surfaces of the body . Simple cuboidal . Columnar epithelium and squamous epithelium

53
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Attached to bones and generates locomotion . Voluntary muscles as we can chose to contract . I also striped

54
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Individually shaped cells . Found in the skin , walls of blood vessels and is an involuntary movement

55
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Only found in the heart . Contain stripes but lack long fibres . Involuntary movement .

56
Q

Connective tissue

A

Connects, supports and separates tissues and organs . Elastic and collagen fibres .

BIOLOGY (8 decks)

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