CELL STRUCTURE Flashcards by Tadiwanashe Matanhire

Eukaryotic cell

A cell type that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

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Prokaryotic Cell

A cell type that contains no nucleus and no membrane bound organelles

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Organelles

components of a cell with specific functions

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The nucleus properties

-Largest organelle in the cell
-spherical structure
-contains the nuclear envelope,chromatin and the nucleolus

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The structure of the Nucleus

-Contains the DNA of the cell
-DNA codes for instructions of making a protein
-Chromatin is DNA is packed with histone proteins
-chromatin is compact due to the long strands of DNA

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The nuclear envelope properties

-acts as protection
- contains nuclear pores
- -MRNA and ribasomes can travel through nuclear pores

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Structure of nuclear envelope

nuclear pores are needed to allow molecules to enter and leave the Nucleus
contains an inner and outer lipid bilayer which seperates the the nucleus from te rest of the cell

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Structure of the nucleolus

-contains densely packed DNA and proteins
-very small in size

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Functions of nucleolus

-nucleolus involved in ribasome production

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Function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

-Site of lipid and steroid synthesis
-quite a large structure

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Function of ribasomes

-Involved in translating DNA into proteins

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Structure of Ribasomes

-located in the endoplasmic reticulum
-quite small in size
-made from RRNA and protein strands

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Function of Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

transports RER proteins made from ribosomes . Present in cells that make a lot of protein . Amylase making cells in the salivary glands

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Structure of the Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

series of flattened sacs enclosed by a membrane with ribasomes on the surface

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Structure of cell membrane

selectively oermeable outer layer that allows some substances to leave and enter

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Structure of mitochondria

oval shape
-bound by a double membrane
innner membrane folded to form projetions called cristae
The matrix contains all the liquids
Contains 70s ribosomes a small circle of DNA

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Functions of mitochondria

-site of aerobic respiration
-releases ATP from sugars
-the energy from ATP is used to fuel cellular responses
Surface area to volume ratio is bigger

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Structure and Function of centrioles

2 small tubes made of microtubles
used for picking up objects in the cell

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Functions of chloroplasts

-site of photosynthesis
-they absorb light

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Structure of chloroplasts

-surrounded by a double layer of membrane
-contains 70s ribosomes
- gel like fluid called stroma contains the products for photosynthesis
-within the stroma flattened sacs called thylakoids
-chlorophyll are Lund in the thylakoids

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Functions of the Golgi apparatus

-SECRETES CARBOHYDRATES
-transforms,modifies and stores LIPIDS
-forms LYSASOMES
-produces secretory enzymes
-forms GLYCOPROTEINS

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Functions of lysosomes

a bag of destructive enzymes that break down unwanted materials

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Structure of Vesicles

a membrane sac that can store or transport substances

Structure of Large vacuoles

-they contain a cell sap
-contain hydrolytic enzyme
-vacuole maintains cell stability by being a storage of water keeping cell turgid
-large vacuole surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast

Structure of plant cell wall

- a lattice of cellulose made of cellulose fibrils - gives strength and shape to the plant

Structure of plasma membrane

- cell surface membrane are made of a phospholipid bilayer

Structure of plasmadesmota

-intercellular pores connecting afjacent plant cells

Magnification=

Image size÷Actual size

light microscopes

-poorer resolutiondue to light having a longer wavelenght -colour images

Electron microscope

-higher reloultion as electrons have a shorter wavelnght -only black and white images

Magnification

The number of times bigger an image appears compared to the size of the specimen

Resolution

Minimum point between two objects in which they can be viewed as separate

Light microscopes Properties

Light microscopes -beam of light is condensed to create an image ~poorer resolution due to light having a longer wavelength -colour images properties

Electron microscopes properties

Electron microscopes ~a beam of electrons is condensed to create the image ~higher resolution as electrons have a shorter wavelength ~black and white images

mm (millimetre) > um (micrometre)

Divide by 1000

Micrometre (um) > nanometre (nm)

Divide by 1000

Prokaryotic cell

A cell that contains no nucleus and no membrane bound organelles . Contains 70s ribasomes

Example of prokaryotic cell

Bacterium . Archae

All prokaryotes contain

-DNA molecule in cytoplasm -muriein cell wall -70s ribosomes -cytoplasm -cell membrane

Endosymbiosis theory

Endosymbiosis describes the origin of chloroplast and mitochondria . Mitochondria and chloroplasts have 70s ribasomes . Ancient bacteria engulfed other bacteria to evolve over time with these same useful adaptations

The ER is connected with

E nuclear envelope

Structure of the Golgi body

-contains vesicle with polypeptides -sort of flattened cabbage like looking organelle

Function of lysasomes

-small temporary vacuoles that contain and isolate.a potentially harmful membrane

All Prokaryotes

-DNA molecule in cytoplasm - murein cell wall -70s ribasomes -cytoplasm -cell membrane

Some prokaryotes

-slime coat -Flagella -plasmids

Virus

An infectious pathogen that typically consists of a nucleus acid molecules on a protein coat .

When viruses take over a cell they are able to

Invade a cell and reproduce

Stem cells

Have the ability to differentiate into any kind f cell type in the body

Differentiation

The development of a cell into a specifi type

Tissues

A group of cells with the same structure and function working together

Mammalian have several types of tissues including

Epithelial,muscular and connective tissue

Epithelial tissue

Forms a continuous layer covering internal and external surfaces of the body . Simple cuboidal . Columnar epithelium and squamous epithelium

Skeletal muscle

Attached to bones and generates locomotion . Voluntary muscles as we can chose to contract . I also striped

Smooth muscle

Individually shaped cells . Found in the skin , walls of blood vessels and is an involuntary movement

Cardiac muscle

Only found in the heart . Contain stripes but lack long fibres . Involuntary movement .

Connective tissue

Connects, supports and separates tissues and organs . Elastic and collagen fibres .