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BIOLOGY > CARBOHYDRATES > Flashcards

CARBOHYDRATES Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Monosaccharides are

A

Single sugar units

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2
Q

Disaccharides are

A

Two monosaccharides joined together by a condensation reaction

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3
Q

Carbohydrates

A

carbon,Hydrogen.Oxygen

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4
Q

properties of monosaccharides

A

1.sweet
2.soluble in water
3.form crystals

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5
Q

3 carbons

A

Triose sugar

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6
Q

5 carbons

A

pentose sugar

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7
Q

6 carbons

A

Hexose sugar

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8
Q

General formula for monosaccharides

A

(CH2O)n

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9
Q

Hydroxyl group

A

OH

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10
Q

Alpha and Beta glucose are

A

Isomers

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11
Q

Alpha glucose is the

A

substrate for respiration

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12
Q

Beta Glucose is

A

used for cellulose/Fibre

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13
Q

Alpha glucose

A

hydroxyl group is at the bottom

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14
Q

Beta glucose

A

beat em up . hydroxyl group is up/at the top

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15
Q

Function of alpha glucose

A

to store sugar as plants need chains of alpha glucose to make starch

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16
Q

Function of Beta glucose

A

for plants to build structural material

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17
Q

Glucose+Glucose =

A

Maltose+water

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18
Q

Glucose+Fructose =

A

Sucrose + water

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19
Q

Glucose + Galactose

A

Lactose+ water

20
Q

Types of monosaccharides

A
  1. glucose (alpha+beta)
  2. fructose
  3. galactose
21
Q

Polymer

A

repeating units of monomers

22
Q

Disaccharides are held by

A

Glycosidic bonds

23
Q

Condensation reaction

A

when two units are joined together producing water

24
Q

why do we call it a 1-4 glycosidic bond

A

due to the H20 being formed in the middle of carbon 1 and carbon 4

25
Q

In digestion starch is

A

Hydrolysed to produce glucose

26
Q

Polysaccharides

A

large complex polymers of monosaccharides held by glycosidic bonds and formed due to a condensation reaction

27
Q

examles of polysaccharides

A
  1. starch
    2.glycogen
    3.cellulose
    4.chitin
28
Q

Glucose is not an effective store as it is

A

soluble in water so increases concentration in cells and draws water in by osmosis

29
Q

starch is a

A

store of glucose in plants

30
Q

cellulose provides

A

structural support in plants

31
Q

Glycogen is a store of

A

glucose in animals

32
Q

starch grains are found in high concentartions in

A

seeds and storage organs

33
Q

starch is made of

A

alpha glucose . but contains two ismoers . amylose and amylopectin

34
Q

properties of Amylose

A
  1. linear
  2. unbranched molecule
  3. alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds
  4. coils into an alpha helix
35
Q

Properties of amylopectin

A
  1. contains chains of glucose monomers
  2. joined by 1-4 glycosidic bonds
  3. cross linked and fits inside amylose
    4.
36
Q

Properties of glycogen

A
  1. main storage product in animals
  2. 1-4 glycosidic bond and 1-6 glycosidic bond
  3. very similar to amylopectin
  4. glycogen is more branched than amyloectin
37
Q

Properties of Cellulose PART 1

A
  1. structural polysaccharide
  2. present in plant cells
  3. many long parrallel chains of beta glucose
  4. joined by 1-4 glycosidic bonds and the beta link roatates at 180’
38
Q

Properties of cellulose PART 2

A
  1. Hydrogen bonds can form between the hydroxyl groups due to 180. rotation
  2. 60-70 cellulose molecules become cross linked to form microfibrils
  3. cell all has several layers of fibres
  4. cellulose fibres are freely permeable because of the spaces between the fibres
39
Q

Properties of chitin

A
  1. structural polysaccharide. strong , waterproof and lightwight
  2. found in exoskeleton of insects
  3. long chains of beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds
  4. monomers are rotated through 180’ to form microfibrils
    5.has groups derived from amino acids to forms heteropolysacharide
40
Q

Functions of monosaccharides

A
  1. source of energy in respiration
    2.building blocks for larger molecules
    3.intermediates in reactions
    4.constituents of nucleotides
41
Q

Benedict’s test

A

Detects the presence of reducing sugars in a solution is a qualitative test
As it does not tell you the actual concentration of the solution

42
Q

Reducing sugars are

A

Sugars that can detonate an electron . The reducing sugar donates an electron to reduce copper (II) ions in copper sulphate (blue) > (red)

43
Q

Examples of non-reducing sugars

A

Sucrose . Gives a negative result when we use Benedict’s test . So it must be broken down by heating with hydrochloric acid

44
Q

Biosensor

A

A device that gives a value to the actual concentration of sugar . Produces an electrical signal which measures the concentration of a chemical

45
Q

Polysaccharide properties

A

1.they are insoluble so have no osmotic effect
2. They cannot diffuse out of the cell
3. They are compact
4.they carry a lot of energy betwee C-H and C-C bonds

46
Q

Two polymers of starch

A

1.Amylose
2.Amylopectin

BIOLOGY (8 decks)

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