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Cell Biology Topic C > Cell Signalling > Flashcards

Cell Signalling Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Saccharomyces Cerevisiae used in making?

A

Bread, beer and wine.

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2
Q

How often does Saccharomyces Cerevisiae replicate?

A

Replicate every 90 mins.

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3
Q

Would you say Saccharomyces Cerevisiae has a rapid cell cycle?

A

Yes

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4
Q

When Saccharomyces Cerevisiae is anorobic, what is formed?

A

Alcohol

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5
Q

Single celled organisms must be able to respond to?

A

Environmental changes or signals from other cells.

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6
Q

The single cell organisms within our bodies respond to?

A

The food we consume

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7
Q

Development of plants and animals require?

A

Complex communication and signalling

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8
Q

When does yeast mate?

A

When there is limited nutrient availability.

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9
Q

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae is?

A

Single cells yeast that divides by budding small daughter cells.

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10
Q

Yeast exists in how many mating types?

A

2

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11
Q

Yeast mate by?

A

Signalling to each other and reacting to each other’s receptors.

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12
Q

The production of the diploid cell has how many chromosomes compared to its parents?

A

Double the number of each of the parent cells.

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13
Q

Signalling between different yeast mating types involves what?

A

Signal transduction pathways

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14
Q

Plasmodesmata are?

A

Analogous structures in plants.

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15
Q

Cell-cell contact always allows?

A

Signalling.

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16
Q

In animals, what do gap junctions allow?

A

Cytoplasmic contact.

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17
Q

Adjacent cells in animals can interact through?

A

Surface Proteins.

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18
Q

What process converts events at the cell surface into specific cellular responses?

A

Signal transduction pathways.

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19
Q

In yeast mating, factors from each mating type bind to receptor proteins in the plasma membrane and this leads to?

A

Altered intercellular events. (Changes within the cell.)

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20
Q

What type of signalling repairs damaged tissue?

A

Paracrine Signalling

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21
Q

How does paracrine signalling repair damaged tissue?

A

Stimulates near by cells to replicate them.

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22
Q

What are the two types of communication in animals?

A

Local and long distance.

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23
Q

Synaptic signalling is exclusive to?

A

The nervous system.

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24
Q

Synaptic signalling can be considered to be both?

A

Local and long distance.

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25
Q

What happens during synaptic signalling?

A

One cell sends a signal across a structure called a synaptic junction and this will influence neighboring cells.

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26
Q

Hormonal signalling is also known as?

A

Endocrine signalling.

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27
Q

How does hormonal signalling work?

A

Cells release hormones into the circulation which can reach almost all cells of an organism but they only cause a response in cells that have appropriate protein receptors.

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28
Q

What are the three mechanistic steps that explain enzyme activation/three stages of cell signalling?

A

Reception, Transduction and Response.

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29
Q

How many signalling molecules will a cell in your body be responding to?

A

20.

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30
Q

What type of molecules can pass straight through a cell membrane?

A

Hydrophobic.

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31
Q

What happens in the first stage of cell signaling?

A

Reception: signalling molecule outside the cell is detected by the cell. Binding of signalling protein, normally on cell surface but occasionally inside cell. Binding alters the confirmation of the receptor which then activates the next stage of the pathway. (Energy Passes)

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32
Q

What is the second stage of cell signalling?

A

Transduction.

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33
Q

What happens in the transduction stage?

A

Receptor starts a series of steps leading to a cellular response.

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34
Q

The final stage of cell signalling is called?

A

Response.

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35
Q

What is the response triggered by?

A

The last component of the signal transduction pathway.

36
Q

Will the response be a measurable change?

A

Yes.

37
Q

What are receptors?

A

Proteins with particular affinity to signalling molecules.

38
Q

What features are common in signal transduction pathways?

A

Receptors, kinases and phosphates, second messengers, protein clustering.

39
Q

2% of all human genome is devoted to what?

A

Kinases and phosphates.

40
Q

What can make and active protein, inactive and vice versa?

A

Kinases and phosphates.

41
Q

Signals can only be responded to by cells that?

A

Contain specific receptor proteins.

42
Q

Signalling molecules only fit in specific receptors, sort of like a?

A

Key in a lock.

43
Q

What are the two types of receptor?

A

Plasma membrane receptors and intracellular/nuclear receptors.

44
Q

What does ligand-receptor binding cause?

A

A change in conformation of receptor activating a signal transduction pathway.

45
Q

What type of signalling molecule bind to plasma membranes?

A

Water-soluble.

46
Q

Intercellular domains change when?

A

Something links to the extracellular domain.

47
Q

Extracellular domains are linked to intercellular domains by?

A

Transmembrane spanning alpha-helices.

48
Q

What do G-Proteins act as?

A

Molecular Switches.

49
Q

What determines what the G-protein is set to?

A

Which guanine nucleotide is bound.

50
Q

What are the guanine nucleotides?

A

GDP and GTP.

51
Q

The protein is inactive when?

A

GDP is bound.

52
Q

What does activation require?

A

Exchange of GTP for GDP

53
Q

What do activated (GTP) G proteins bind to and modulate?

A

Effectors.

54
Q

How many membrane spanning alpha-helices do G protein coupled receptors have?

A

7.

55
Q

Activated G Proteins bind to? and what do they do to them?

A

Effector proteins and activate them.

56
Q

What happens to G proteins once effectors have been activated?

A

They rapidly inactivate.

57
Q

What percentage of prescribed drugs influence G proteins or their regulated pathways?

A

60%.

58
Q

Defective G proteins can cause cancers by?

A

Being locked into a constantly active state.

59
Q

What does RTK stand for?

A

Receptor tyrosine kinase.

60
Q

What are RTK’s?

A

Receptors that have enzyme activity.

61
Q

In the activation of RTK’s, what does dimerisation lead to?

A

Autophosphorylation and activation.

62
Q

What mechanism do lots of hormones work through?

A

Activation of RTK.

63
Q

Defective signalling through RTK pathways can cause?

A

Many human cancers.

64
Q

Mitogens that work on tissue repair work through what?

A

RTK’s.

65
Q

How do ion channel receptors work?

A

Signalling molecules bind and this opens ‘gates’ which allow ions to flow down concentration gradients and this changes the cell behaviour.

66
Q

What are ion channel receptors used for?

A

Muscle contractions.

67
Q

What kind of receptors are found in the cytoplasm or nucleus?

A

Intracellular/Nuclear receptors.

68
Q

What type of molecules bind to intracellular/nuclear receptors?

A

Steroids, thyroid, hormones and nitric oxide.

69
Q

What happens when a receptor binds to specific DNA pattern?

A

Transcription patterns can be changed.

70
Q

What does a change in transcription patterns lead to?

A

Alteration of proteins within the cell.

71
Q

What is the ultimate purpose of a receptor?

A

To trigger a change within the cell.

72
Q

What is the advantage of a multi-step pathway?

A

It allows amplification and opportunities for fine-tuning.

73
Q

What do protein phosphorlases do?

A

Turn proteins on/off.

74
Q

Over 2% of all human genes code for?

A

Protein Kinases.

75
Q

What happens in phosphorylation cascades?

A

Receptor receives signal, it then changes shape and starts the process. Proteins phosphorylate each other and become active. This then leads to a response.

76
Q

Why are second messengers small and water soluble?

A

So they can diffuse rapidly through a cell.

77
Q

What are second messengers often the link between?

A

Activated receptors and signal transduction pathways.

78
Q

Examples of second messengers are?

A

cAMP, cGMP, IP3, DAG and CA2+.

79
Q

What does the c mean in cAMP and cGMP?

A

Cyclic.

80
Q

cAMP is increased by?

A

Activation of adenylyl cyclase.

81
Q

How does adrenaline work?

A

It binds to receptor, the receptor activates the G protein, this activates adenylyl cyclase which produces cAMP, cAMP-dependant protein kinase (PKA) is activated.

82
Q

When high cAMP stimulates secretion of salts and H20 into intestines, what may this cause?

A

Diarrhoea.

83
Q

What drug modulates second messenger concentrations?

A

Viagra.

84
Q

How does Viagra work?

A

Inhibits enzyme cGMP phosphodiesterase which breaks down cGMP. This leads to an increase in cGMP.

85
Q

Where can amplification occur?

A

Signal transduction pathways.

86
Q

What is cholera caused by?

A

A G protein being perpetually on.

Cell Biology Topic C (7 decks)

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