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Cell Biology Topic C > Mitochondira > Flashcards

Mitochondira Flashcards

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1
Q

What kind of cells are mitochondria found in?

A

Almost all Eukaryotic cells.

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2
Q

Which eukaryotic cells are they not found in?

A

Some protists.

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3
Q

How many are there in cells of very active animal tissue?

A

Hundreds.

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4
Q

What are mitochondria the sites of?

A

Cellular respiration.

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5
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

The metabolic process that uses oxygen to break down organic molecules to generate ATP.

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6
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate.

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7
Q

What is the ATP formed in cellular respiration used for?

A

Its the ‘energy currency’ used to help maintain cell integrity and to fuel cellular growth and division.

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8
Q

What are the invaginations that the inner membrane is folded into called?

A

Cristae.

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9
Q

What are the two compartments that the inner membrane forms?

A

The intermembrane and the mitochondrial matrix.

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10
Q

What does the mitochondrial matrix incorporate?

A

Small ribosomes and the mitochondrial genome.

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11
Q

Animal mitochondria have the same evolutionary origin as?

A

Plant mitochondria.

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12
Q

Where do the metabolic steps of cellular respiration occur?

A

Within the mitochondrial matrix.

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13
Q

What is the driving force to make ATP?

A

Proton Motive Force (PMF).

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14
Q

Unlike in EM sections, the internal membranes within the mitochondrion are what in shape?

A

3 Dimensional, complex structures.

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15
Q

When mitochondria undergo fusion, what do they form?

A

A semi-continuous, branched network.

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16
Q

What does the semi-continuous branched network allow?

A

Passage of ATP from one mitochondria to the other.

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17
Q

Where does the word glycolysis come from?

A

Greek for Sugar Break-down.

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18
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

In the cytosol.

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19
Q

What does glycolysis produce?

A

A net yield of, 2 mol ATP and 2 mol NADH.

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20
Q

What does oxidisation of glucose lead to in respiration?

A

Reduction of oxygen.

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21
Q

How are electrons passed from glucose to oxygen?

A

Via a series of electron carriers such as NAD+ which become reduced when they accept the electrons.

22
Q

What are the captured molecules in NADH ultimately used for?

A

To regenerate ATP.

23
Q

What would happen if electron carriers were not used to pass electrons from glucose to oxygen?

A

An uncontrolled explosive reaction would occur.

24
Q

What are the two major phases of glycolysis?

A

Energy investment and energy payoff.

25
Q

Does O2 need to be present for glycolysis to take place?

A

No, it will take place whether it is present or not.

26
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A

2 mol pyruvate + H2O, 2 mol NADH and 2 mol ATP.

27
Q

How many ATP molecules are consumed in the first three steps of glycolysis?

A

2.

28
Q

What are the 2 consumed ATP molecules in the first three steps of glycolysis used for?

A

To phosphorylate glucose (to glucose 6-P) and it derivative, fructose 6-P.

29
Q

What is needed for further glycolysis?

A

Glyceraldehyde 3-P.

30
Q

What is the entry point to the energy payoff phase of glycolysis?

A

Glyceraldehyde 3-P.

31
Q

Where is the electron transport system located?

A

Mitochondrial inner membrane.

32
Q

When oxygen is absent, what is the glycolytic pathway completed by forming?

A

Lactic Acid and Ethanol.

33
Q

The completion of the glycolytic pathway is necessary to regenerate what?

A

NAD+.

34
Q

What does decarboxylation mean?

A

Removal of carbon.

35
Q

What is the Citric Acid Cycle also known as?

A

TCA or Krebs cycle.

36
Q

What does the Citric Acid Cycle do?

A

Completes the breakdown of pyruvate to CO2 and H2O with the formation of a little ATP.

37
Q

How many times does the Citric Acid Cycle happen in total?

A

6.

38
Q

The CO2 produced by the Citric Acid Cycle is the source of what?

A

The CO2 exhaled by breathing animals.

39
Q

The Citric Acid Cycle also creates important metabolic intermediates for?

A

The synthesis of compounds like fatty acids.

40
Q

The complete Citric Acid Cycle has how many steps?

A

8.

41
Q

What is the major source of energy from cellular respiration?

A

The coupling of electron transport to ATP by chemiosmosis during oxidative phosphorylation.

42
Q

What accounts from most of the potential energy extracted from glucose?

A

NADH and FADH2.

43
Q

What is the role of the ETS?

A

To reduce the large free-energy drop between NADH and O2 in a controlled manner.

44
Q

What does electron transfer in the electron transport chain cause the membrane integral proteins to do?

A

Pump H+ from the matrix to the intermembrane space.

45
Q

What do the protons that accumulate in the intermembrane space generate?

A

An H+ gradient across the membrane known as a proton motive force (PMF).

46
Q

What does PMF do?

A

Couples the redox reactions of the electron transport chain to ATP synthesis.

47
Q

What happens when protons move back across the inner membrane, passing through the protein complex?

A

ATP synthase occurs.

48
Q

What does ATP synthase use to drive the phosphorylation of ATP?

A

Exergonic flow.

49
Q

What is the maximum yield of ATP per glucose?

A

about 30 or 32.

50
Q

What is the theoretical yield of glucose?

A

36 which means there is a loss of ATP.

51
Q

What does ATP power?

A

Work of the cell, e.g.. contraction.

Cell Biology Topic C (7 decks)

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