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Cell Biology Topic C > Plant Plastids > Flashcards

Plant Plastids Flashcards

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1
Q

What group of organelles does chloroplast belong to?

A

Plastids.

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2
Q

What colour is the pigment chlorophyll?

A

Green.

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3
Q

Where in plants are chloroplasts found?

A

The leaves and green stems.

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4
Q

What parts of chloroplasts are needed for photosynthesis?

A

Chlorophyll, enzymes and electron carriers.

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5
Q

What is responsible for yellow/orange flower colour and red fruit colour?

A

Chromoplast.

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6
Q

What plastid stores starch?

A

Amlyloplast.

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7
Q

What are plant chloroplasts surrounded by?

A

A double membrane.

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8
Q

What are the components of a plant chloroplast?

A

Ribosomes, Stroma, Inner and Outer Membranes, Granum, DNA, Intermembrane space and Thylakoid.

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9
Q

What are the two regions that thylakoids are differentiated into and where does this happen?

A

Appressed and Non-appressed and this happens in the Grana region.

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10
Q

Can grana be found in all chloroplasts?

A

No.

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11
Q

What does phycoerythrin mean?

A

‘Plant red colour’.

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12
Q

What are Phycobilisomes?

A

They are aggregates of water soluble biliproteins that include the red light-harvesting pigment, phycoerythrin.

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13
Q

What are the major organs of photosynthesis and CO2 fixation in plants?

A

Leaves.

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14
Q

How many chloroplasts does each mesophyll contain?

A

30-40.

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15
Q

What do CO2 and oxygen use to enter/exit the leaf?

A

Microscopic pores called stomata.

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16
Q

What is the chemical change that occurs in photosynthesis the reverse of?

A

The chemical change that happens in cellular respiration.

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17
Q

When chloroplasts split H2O into hydrogen and oxygen, what happens to each element?

A

The electrons of hydrogen get incorporated into sugar molecules and oxygen is released as a by-product.

18
Q

What is the role of chlorophyll?

A

To harvest light energy.

19
Q

What spectrum does light have to be in to be utilised by photosynthesis.

A

Red.

20
Q

What’s the purpose of chlorophyll b pigment?

A

To broaden the spectrum used for photosynthesis.

21
Q

What is the main photosynthetic pigment?

A

Chlorophyll a.

22
Q

What is the structural difference between chlorophyll a and b.

A

CH3 is replaced by CHO.

23
Q

What happens when chlorophyll absorbs light?

A

Chlorophyll gets sent to an excited, unstable state.

24
Q

How is chlorophyll relaxed from its excited state?

A

By releasing energy as heat and photon.

25
Q

What are the two stages of photosynthesis?

A

Light reactions and the Calvin cycle.

26
Q

What does the Calvin cycle begin with?

A

Carbon fixation.

27
Q

What does the Calvin cycle use to form sugars?

A

CO2 and fixes with ATP and NADPH.

28
Q

Where are electrons from excited chlorophylls channelled towards?

A

Reaction centre complexes located within the thylakoids.

29
Q

What is the role of the special pair?

A

To pass the trapped electrons to the primary electron acceptor.

30
Q

What is the primary electron acceptor?

A

The Quinone, Qa.

31
Q

Will the trapped electrons be used to make and reduce?

A

Make ATP and reduce NADP to NADPH.

32
Q

What causes plants to wither when there is too much sun light?

A

The plant cannot remove the electrons fast enough in these conditions.

33
Q

What do dark reactions not use?

A

Light.

34
Q

What reduces reaction centres out of an excited state?

A

Accepting electrons derived from oxidation of H2O.

35
Q

What does the Calvin cycle use the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH from the light reactions to do?

A

Reduce CO2 to sugar.

36
Q

Who discovered the pathway of CO2 fixation?

A

Melvin Calvin.

37
Q

What does carbon enter and leave the Calvin cycle as?

A

Enters: CO2 and Leaves: G3P sugar (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate).

38
Q

How many times must the Calvin cycle take place?

A

3.

39
Q

What are the three stages of the Calvin cycle?

A

Carbon fixation, reduction and regeneration of the CO2 acceptor.

40
Q

Are animals able to generate their own carbon like plants?

A

No.

Cell Biology Topic C (7 decks)

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