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Cell Biology Topic C > Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Cell Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

What is responsible for the replacement of defective/dead cells?

A

Cell Division

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2
Q

The genome of a cell is arranged into?

A

Chromosomes

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3
Q

Chromosomes have their name because?

A

Chroma is the Greek for colour and they are given this name because they can be dyed different colours when being examined.

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4
Q

How many of chromosomes are in each human?

A

2 sets of 23.

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5
Q

In all but one process, during cell division, duplicated chromosomes are separated into?

A

Each daughter cell.

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6
Q

Chromatin is made up of?

A

Protein and DNA

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7
Q

When a cell is dividing, chromosomes become?

A

Increasingly folded and condensed

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8
Q

Duplicated chromosomes consist of?

A

2 genetically identical sister chromatids.

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9
Q

Sister chromatids are tightly linked at? And loosely linked at?

A

A structure called a centromere.

Throughout their lengths.

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10
Q

Cell division in multicellular organisms is responsible for?

A

Growth and development

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11
Q

When do sister chromatids separate?

A

Late in cell division during mitosis.

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12
Q

G2 stage always leads to?

A

Mitotic Phase.

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13
Q

Eukaryotic cell cycles consist of?

A

Interphase & mitosis

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14
Q

The interphase stage is made up of?

A

G1 phase, S phase and G2 phase.

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15
Q

S phase consists of?

A

DNA Synthesis

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16
Q

In interphase the cell size increases because?

A

The genome and organelles are duplicated.

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17
Q

New cells are created in?

A

Cytokinesis.

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18
Q

In mitosis, genetic material is?

A

Partitioned.

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19
Q

Chromosome separation takes place in?

A

The mitotic phase

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20
Q

Typical eukaryotic cell cycle in humans takes around?

A

24 hours to complete.

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21
Q

Chromosomes are duplicated during the?

A

S Phase of interphase.

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22
Q

Nucleoli make?

A

Ribosomal subunits.

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23
Q

When does chromosome condensation occur?

A

Prophase of mitosis.

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24
Q

Nucleoli disappears in the?

A

Mitosis prophase.

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25
Q

The centrosomes start moving apart in?

A

The prophase of mitosis.

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26
Q

The first event of prometaphase is?

A

Nuclear disassembly.

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27
Q

In the metaphase the centromeres of each of the chromosomes line up along?

A

The equator of the cell.

28
Q

The equator of the cell is called what in the metaphase stage?

A

The metaphase plate.

29
Q

The fourth stage of mitosis is called?

A

Anaphase

30
Q

Anaphase lasts?

A

Only a few minutes

31
Q

In anaphase each chromatid becomes?

A

A chromosome again

32
Q

Cell elongation takes place in?

A

Anaphase

33
Q

Telophase/cytokinesis takes around?

A

30mins to an hour.

34
Q

Cancers are recognised but the body as?

A

Non self.

35
Q

How often are cells divided?

A

Constantly

36
Q

The mitotic spindle is made of?

A

Microtubule fibres.

37
Q

Spindle assembly begins at?

A

The centrosomes.

38
Q

Centrosomes are duplicated during?

A

Interphase.

39
Q

Centrosomes move apart during prophase and this is powered by?

A

Microtubule formation.

40
Q

The spindle is complete at the end of?

A

Prometaphase

41
Q

Both ends of the mitotic spindle connect to?

A

Kinetchores

42
Q

At anaphase, the links between sister chromatids are?

A

Severed

43
Q

Kinetchore motor proteins ‘walk’ along?

A

Microtubules.

44
Q

The production of too many cells can cause?

A

Tumours.

45
Q

In cytokinesis, the interaction of actin and myosin leads to?

A

Deepening of the cleavage furrow

46
Q

In cytokinesis, two daughter cells are produced when?

A

Cytoplasmic separation occurs

47
Q

In cytokinesis, cells are separated by?

A

Plasma membrane

48
Q

DNA shouldn’t be replicated when?

A

It’s damaged.

49
Q

Which cells never divide?

A

Muscle and nerve cells.

50
Q

What drives cells into and through the cell cycle?

A

Specific molecular signals.

51
Q

What is assessed at check points? And what does it determine?

A

Cell states and determines whether the cell is fit for the cycle to proceed.

52
Q

Is DNA is damaged, the cell cycle…

A

Arrests

53
Q

How many check points exist in the mitotic phase?

A

3

54
Q

If a damaged cell replicates, it can cause?

A

Cancer

55
Q

In mammals, if the cell passes the restriction point it is committed to?

A

Divide.

56
Q

To pass through the restriction point requires?

A

The presence of external signals called growth factors or mitogens.

57
Q

If the restriction point isn’t passed the cell enters?

A

G0 state.

58
Q

Can a cell come out of G0?

A

Some permanently and others can be signalled back into G1.

59
Q

Cyclin protein controls?

A

The cell cycle.

60
Q

Kinases add?

A

A phosphate group from ATP on to a protein.

61
Q

What controls S phase onset, progression through S phase and M phase entry?

A

CDK’s (cyclin-dependant kinases).

62
Q

Checks won’t happen if?

A

A mutation occurs that affects the check point and there replication will take place no matter what.

63
Q

Cancer cells pass automatically through what?

A

The restriction point.

64
Q

Cancers are immortal meaning they?

A

Carry on reproducing cells indefinitely.

65
Q

What happens in a the process metastsis?

A

Cancer cells break away from the initial tumour mass and travel through the body.

Cell Biology Topic C (7 decks)

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