Cell Responses to Injury

Question 1

Reversible; cell gets bigger (no new cells!)

Answer 1

hypertrophy

ex/ uterus during pregnancy!

Question 2

Reversible; increase in number of cells

Answer 2

hyperplasia

may be precancerous, or may be normal - like during period

Question 3

Two basic ways to get hyperplasia:

Answer 3

1) growth factor

2) stem cells

Question 4

Cyclosporin is a medication that can cause:

Answer 4

hyperplasia

Question 5

Occurs in tissues that are incapable of cell division

Answer 5

hypertrophy

Question 6

Reversible; changes in ion concentration & water influx

Answer 6

hydropic swelling

Question 7

When nuclear membrane starts to break down:

Answer 7

karyorrhexis

Question 8

When there is continuous injury, the nucleus becomes dark purple and looks like shriveled raisin. This is called:

Answer 8

pyknosis

Question 9

When the nucleus totally breaks up:

Answer 9

karyolysis

Question 10

Increase in cell volume characterized by pale cytoplasm and normal nucleus

Answer 10

hydropic swelling

reflection of acute, reversible injury

Question 11

When cells aren’t able to maintain membrane and the contents leak out:

Answer 11

necrosis

elicits an inflammatory response

Question 12

What are the six types of necrosis? (CCFFGL)

Answer 12

• Coagulative
• Caseous
• Fat
• Fibrinoid
• Gangrenous
• Liquefactive

Question 13

Type of necrosis that preserves the architecture of the tissue

Answer 13

Coagulative

Question 14

Type of necrosis associated with TB

Answer 14

Caseous

Question 15

Type of necrosis where there is leakage of enzymes into abdomen

Answer 15

Fat

Question 16

Type of necrosis that can be seen in oral cavity, and it is immunologically mediated vasculitis in blood vv walls

Answer 16

Fibrinoid

Question 17

Type of necrosis that involves both coagulation and liquefaction

Answer 17

Gangrenous

Question 18

Type of necrosis that occurs with cerebral infarction and bacterial infections

Answer 18

Liquefactive

Question 19

What is the type of necrosis that occurs in heart attacks?

Answer 19

Coagulative necrosis

Question 20

Type of necrosis where pus is seen

Answer 20

Liquefactive

Question 21

When mitochondria doesn’t get enough oxygen, what happens to ATP levels?

Answer 21

Decrease

low oxidative phosphorylation = low ATP

Question 22

Ischemia changes are reversible or irreversible?

Answer 22

Reversible! But must be taken care of quickly

Question 23

Why is apoptosis preferred and not necrosis?

Answer 23

Necrosis -> releases cell contents; INFLAMMATION

Apoptosis -> cells break down in packets so contents stay contained; NO inflammation

Question 24

Too much calcium in the cell disrupts:

Answer 24

ATP generation, so apoptosis is induced because damaging enzymes are activated

Question 25

What ROS can cause pathologic effects, like membrane damage or mutations?

Answer 25

OH (hydroxyl radical)

Question 26

Hypoxia vs. Ischemia?

Answer 26

Hypoxia = deficiency of oxygen
Ischemia = loss of blood supply, which causes lack of oxygen (more severe than hypoxia)

Question 27

What enzymes are activated in apoptosis?

Answer 27

caspases

Question 28

Mitochondrial intrinsic pathway for apoptosis is more common. It is run by a group of effectors called:

Answer 28

BCL-2

Question 29

TNF receptor + Fas =

Answer 29

Apoptosis

they’re in extrinsic pathway

Question 30

Between necrosis and apoptosis, what is the main difference in regards to loss of plasma membrane?

Answer 30

Loss of plasma membrane occurs first in necrosis & last in apoptosis

Question 31

Killer lymphocytes inject ____ through perforin

Answer 31

granzyme

Question 32

What is the cell death rheostat?

Answer 32

BCL-2