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Cell Structure And Function > Cell Reproduction > Flashcards

Cell Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Who is most likely to get cancer?

A

Old males

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2
Q

Why is cancer becoming more popular?

A

It’s a disease of the aging population

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3
Q

What cancer has the higher number of deaths?

A

Lung then breast and prostate

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4
Q

What is carcinoma?

A

Cancer arising from epithelial cells- about 80-90% of all cancers

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5
Q

What is sarcoma?

A

Cancer of connective and supportive tissue- about 1% of cancers

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6
Q

What is myeloma?

A

Cancer of the plasma cels of bone marrow- antibody producing cells

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7
Q

What is lymphoma?

A

Solid tumours of lymphatic system

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8
Q

What is leukaemia?

A

Blood cancer- precursor blood cells in bone marrow

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9
Q

What are two important qualities in normal cells in culture ?

A

Anchorage dependant growth- no attachment no growth

Density dependant growth- stop growing when confluent

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10
Q

What are two important qualities in cancerous cells in culture?

A

No anchorage dependant

Not density dependant- growth not controlled by other cells

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11
Q

Do cancerous cells have a limited amount of divisions?

A

No they can maintain telomere length

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12
Q

Do cancerous cells always need mitogens and growth factors to grow?

A

No

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13
Q

How can cancer cells promote growth?

A

Over produce growth factors

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14
Q

What are the stages of cancer?

A 
Initiation
Clonal expansion
Primary tumour
Secondary mutations
Malignancy 
Invasion
Metastasis
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15
Q

How many mutations does it take to overcome normal cell programming?

A

Multiple

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16
Q

What happens in initiation?

A

Single cell undergoes a single mutation - confers a growth advantage which causes it to lose some of its growth control

17
Q

What happens in clonal expansion?

A

Proliferation begins - mutated cell divides quicker than surrounding cells to form a cluster of ‘clones’ - disease is monoclonal

18
Q

What is primary tumour?

A

The cancer remains in situ (i.e. not moved from site of original mutation). Tumour benign - not invaded surrounding tissues - surgery possible

19
Q

What is secondary mutation?

A

Secondary mutations provide a new phenotype with a selective advantage

20
Q

What is malignant cancer?

A

Following the secondary mutation the cells lose contacts with their neighbours - become invasive - secrete proteases to breakdown the extracellular matrix holding cells in place - risk of metastasis

21
Q

What is invasion of lymph?

A

First stages of metastasis - cancer cells have low adherence - easy to break off main tumour and enter vessels

22
Q

What is metastatic tumour?

A

Colonisation of a second site. Cell from original tumour in lung has now entered a vessel and emerged at the other end to form a new tumour in another organ

23
Q

What are characteristics of malignant tumours?

A 
Excessive proliferation
Unusual number of chromosomes 
Deranged metabolism 
Reduced attachment to neighbouring cells
Invasive phenotype
Proliferate to other parts of the body (metastasis)
24
Q

What are examples of carcinogens?

A

Cigarette smoke
UV radiation
Viruses

25
Q

Is cancer genetic?

A

Partly e.g. retinoblastoma

26
Q

Mutations of which proteins cause cancer?

A

proto-oncogene and tumour supressor gene

27
Q

What is an oncogene?

A

Mutated proto oncogene

28
Q

How do proto oncogenes become oncognees?

A

New promoter means more protein
Increased gene replication
Mutation of promoter
Change of protein itself

29
Q

How were oncogenes discovered?

A 
Extract DNA from human tumour cell
Transfected into a mouse
Extract mouse genomic DNA from cells containing human oncogene
Add to plate of bacteria 
Blot of filter paper
Found to code for signalling pathways
30
Q

What happens when Ras becomes mutated?

A

It’s always switched on

Cell Structure And Function (10 decks)

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