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Physiology 210A > Cell Physiology Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Cell Physiology Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell Surface

A

the part of the cell that is exposed to the outside world

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2
Q

What three things do all cells have

A
  1. A plasma cell membrane which surrounds the cell surface
  2. Cell organelles which do tasks
  3. Interior of the cell which consists of the nucleus and the cytoplasm
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3
Q

Cell organelles: membrane-bound or _________________

A

non-membrane bound

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4
Q

What is the cytoplasm

A

The region outside the nucleus and is composed of cytosol which is a gel like fluid in which the cell organelles are suspended

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5
Q

The ___________ is the largest organelle in the cell

A

nucleus

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6
Q

What are the 4 functions of the plasma cell membrane?

A
  1. Physical barrier between the Intracellular fluids (ICF) and the extracellular fluids (ECF)
  2. Cell to cell communication
  3. Structural Support
  4. Transport
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7
Q

Plasma Membrane Function:

Physical Barrier between ICF and ECF

A

-Keeps organelles and proteins inside cell

-Maintains difference in ion composition between ICF and ECF

-Maintains homeostasis – things may change outside the cell but inside
remain constant

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8
Q

Plasma Membrane Function:

Cell-to-cell communication

A

-Contains receptors which bind signalling molecules

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9
Q

Plasma Membrane Function:

Structural Support

A

-Contains connections composed of proteins which anchor cells to each other or to extracellular materials

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10
Q

Plasma Membrane Function:

Transport

A

-Plasma membrane is selectively permeable- some substances may
simply move across the plasma membrane but most require specific transport proteins (transporters, carriers, channels etc.) to cross. It is therefore selectively permeable, allowing certain molecules to move across but not others.

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11
Q

Can cell organelles have membranes? What are they called?

A

Yes, they are called intracellular membranes

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12
Q

What is the cell/plasma membrane, and the intracellular membranes surrounding organelles composed of?

A

a double layer of lipid molecules with embedded proteins

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13
Q

What is the predominant lipid in the cell/plasma membrane, and the intracellular membranes?

A

The phospholipid

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14
Q

What are biological membranes that have the predominant lipid as phospholipids called?

A

Phospholipid Bilayers

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15
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer

A

2 layers of phospholipids with embedded proteins

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16
Q

2 Types of biological membranes:

A

-Cell/Plasma Membrane
-Membranes surrounding organelles

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17
Q

Biological Membrane lipids are:

A

amphipathic

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18
Q

amphipathic:

A

contains polar and none-polar regions

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19
Q

3 types of amphipathic lipids found in biological membranes

A
  1. Phospholipids
  2. Cholesterol
  3. Glycolipids
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20
Q

What composes the structure of a phospholipid?

A
  1. Polar head group
  2. Non-polar tail
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21
Q

Structure of a Phospholipid: Polar Head group

A

-Composed of phosphate attached to glycerol, a nitrogen-containing chemical group, and glycerol backbone

-Polar head group is hydrophilic (water-loving or dissolves in water)

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22
Q

Structure of a Phospholipid: Non-Polar tail

A

-Composed of 2 fatty acid chains composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms

-Fatty acid chains may be: saturated (no double bonds) or unsaturated
(containing 1 or more double bonds)

-Nonpolar tail is hydrophobic (water-fearing or does not dissolve in water)

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23
Q

What happens to phospholipids when you put them in water

A

-They spontaneously form a bilayer

-Polar heads face aqueous environment, either the ECF or ICF (REMEMBER DOUBLE-LAYERED SO CAN BOTH)

  • Nonpolar tails form hydrophobic core

-Bilayer is the structure of the plasma membrane and the organelle membranes

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24
Q

Cholesterol

A

-Steroid Lipid

-Amphipathic

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25
Q

Polar/Nonpolar groups of cholesterol

A

Nonpolar: carbon-hydrogen rings and a carbon-hydrogen chemical group attached to one of the rings

Polar: hydroxyl group

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26
Q

Where is cholesterol found?

A

In the cell/plasma membrane

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27
Q

2 Functions of Cholesterol

A

-maintains proper membrane fluidity

-Very important part of plasma membrane: there is almost one molecule of cholesterol for each molecule of phospholipid in the cell/plasma membrane (organelle membranes contain very little cholesterol)

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28
Q

Glycolipids are lipids with ___________

A

CHO (carbohydrate) attached

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29
Q

Where are Glycolipids found?

A

On the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane (meaning the layer that faces the ECF)

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30
Q

Are Glycolipids Amphipathic? Why

A

Yes they are, due to the presence of sugar.

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31
Q

What do glycolipids do?

A

They form the glycocalyx

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32
Q

Glycocalyx

A

A layer of carbohydrates linked to lipids or membrane proteins

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33
Q

What are two types of proteins on the plasma/cell membrane?

A

Integral (Intrinsic)

Peripheral (Extrinsic)

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34
Q

Intrinsic Proteins

A

-Amphipathic

– inserted into phospholipid bilayer of plasma/cell membrane and partially span membrane or are transmembrane proteins (completely cross phospholipid bilayer of membrane)

-Penetrate the phospholipid bilayer

-Comprise the majority (70%) of all proteins

-Examples: transporters or channels

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35
Q

Extrinsic Proteins

A

-Not Amphipathic

-Attached at the outer or inner surface of the membrane, they do not penetrate into the phospholipid bilayer.

-Carbohydrates may be attached to proteins facing the extracellular surface of the
plasma membrane and these are called glycoproteins. They form the glycocalyx alongside with the glycolipids.

  • Extrensic Proteins are distributed unequally between the two halves of the plasma membrane and this is related to the function of the protein.
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36
Q

Example highlighting the unequal distribution of extrensic proteins in the plasma membrane

A

A receptor in the membrane has binding sites facing the ECF, so signaling molecules may arrive at the cell and bind to the receptorsw. These binding sites do not face the inside of the cell.

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37
Q

Cell Junctions

A

Connections “bridges” that help connect, structurally support, and promote communication between cells.

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38
Q

Desmosomes

A

-Connections that secure cells together in tissues that are subject to considerable amount of stretching or mechanical stress. Like the heart muscle.

-Maintain Structural integrity of tissue

-Made of proteins called plaques, cadherins, intermediate filaments

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39
Q

Where are Plaques found in the cell

A

On the cytoplasmic surface of the cell (inner part of cell membrane).

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40
Q

Cadherins

A

Link cells together.

41
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

They secure the cytoplasmic surface of the desmosome to the components inside the cell to provide structural support.

42
Q

Where are tight junctions found?

A

In epithelial tissue specialized for molecular transport

43
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Tissue that is composed of cells laid together in sheets with the cells tightly connected to one another.

44
Q

Epithelial cells have _________ surfaces that differ in both structure and function

A

two

45
Q

What are tight junctions made from

A

Proteins called Occludins

46
Q

3 things Occludins do:

A
  1. Form nearly impermeable junctions (meaning tight junctions)
  2. Link adjacent cells together
  3. Limit the movement of molecules between cells, forcing molecules to pass through the cell, or cross the plasma membrane (molecules can only cross the plasma membrane if they can diffuse through the lipid bilayer or have specific proteins in the membrane).
47
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Transmembrane channels linking the cytoplasms of adjacent cells

48
Q

What are Gap Junctions made of?

A

Proteins called connexons

49
Q

What do gap junctions do

A

They connect “couple” cells electrically, and metabolically.

50
Q

Coupling cells electrically meaning

A

Connecting cells to allow ions to move through them

51
Q

Coupling cells metabolically meaning

A

Connecting cells to allow small molecules to move between cells.

52
Q

Why are gap junctions called communicating junctions?

A

Because they allow ions and molecules to move from one cell through the gap junction proteins (connexons) to another cell.

53
Q

Nucleus function

A

Transmits genetic information to the next generation of cells and contains information needed for protein synthesis

54
Q

What 4 things does the nucleus contain?

A

-Chromatin

-Nuclear Envelope

-Nuclear Pores

-Nucleolus

55
Q

Chromatin

A

Complex of DNA and proteins found in the nucleus

56
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

Made up of two phospholipid bilayers, the inner and outer phospholipid bilayers.

57
Q

Nuclear Pores

A

Watery channels made from proteins which allow molecules to move in and out of the nucleus (DNA too large to pass through the nuclear pores and remains in the nucleus)

58
Q

Nucleolus

A

Site of synthesis of ribosomal DNA

59
Q

Most cells have one nucleus except…

A

Red Blood Cells - No Nucleus

-Skeletal Muscles - Many Nuclei in one skeletal muscle cell (multinucleate)

60
Q

What is not surrounded by phospholipid bilayer

A

Ribosomes

61
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Protein Synthesis

62
Q

What are ribosomes formed of?

A

A small and a large subunit

63
Q

Large and small subunits of ribosomes are not ________________

A

functional when separate

64
Q

Where are functional ribosomes found?

A

-They can be found free in the cytoplasm

-Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

64
Q

Large and small subunits join to form a _______________

A

functional ribosome, or one capable of protein synthesis

65
Q

Proteins made in the cytoplasm have a _________________ than those made in the RER.

A

different final destination

66
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

Fluid filled membranous system

67
Q

2 types of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):

A

-Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

-Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

68
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

flattened sacs with ribosomes attached to outer surface

69
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

branched tubular structure with no ribosomes attached to outer surface

70
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Function

A

synthesizes proteins and performs post-translational modifications needed to produce a functional protein

71
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Function

A

synthesizes lipids, stores calcium (in muscle; called the sarcoplasmic reticulum), drug detoxification (in liver)

72
Q

Cisternae

A

Flattened sacs

73
Q

What is the golgi apparatus made up of?

A

Cisternae

74
Q

vesicle

A

small sack with a membrane

75
Q

Golgi Apparatus functions

A

-Receives vesicles which contain proteins that were made at the RER

  • Does Post-translational modifications of proteins made at the RER

-Sorts and packages proteins into vesicles

-Proteins packaged into vesicles by the golgi are then secreted from the cell, becoming integral membrane proteins, or becoming proteins of lysosomes, er or golgi itself.

76
Q

What do lysosomes contain?

A

Hydrolytic enzymes

77
Q

What do hydrolytic enzymes do?

A

They break large molecules into smaller subunits

78
Q

Enzymes are only active at an acidic _________ in the lysosome

A

PH of 5

79
Q

Lysosome function

A

Degrade extracellular and intracellular debris (worn out organelles) and destroy bacteria or viruses brought into the cell by fusing with them.

80
Q

What do peroxisomes contain?

A

-Oxidative enzymes

-Catalase

81
Q

What do oxidative enzymes do?

A

They use oxygen to remove hydrogen from molecules, thus breaking them down

82
Q

What do peroxisomes do?

A

Break down fatty acids, alcohol, and drugs

83
Q

Where are peroxisomes abundant?

A

In the liver and kidney

84
Q

What is the toxic byproduct of the actions of oxidative enzymes

A

Hydrogen Peroxide

85
Q

What does catalase do?

A

It breaks down hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into water and oxygen

86
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria

A

It does cellular respiration, makes nutrients into energy /ATP

87
Q

What are the only organelles with double phospholipid membranes?

A

-Nucleus

-Mitochondria

88
Q

Mitochondria layers

A

-Outer membrane

-Inner membrane is folded into tubules called cristae

89
Q

Cells that need more energy have more _________

A

Mitochondrias

90
Q

What are the two organelles that have their own DNA?

A

-Nucleus

-Mitochondria

91
Q

What are the two organelles that are not membrane bound?

A

-Ribosome

-Cytoskeleton

92
Q

What are cytoskeletons composed of?

A

Protein filaments or cytoskeletal filaments

93
Q

What are the functions of the cytoskeleton

A

-Maintain cell shape

-Maintain the position of organelles in the cell

-Guides/Moves the cell, and organelles within it.

94
Q

Cytoskeletal Filaments include:

A
  1. Microfilaments
  2. Intermediate filaments
  3. Microtubules
95
Q

What are microfilaments made of?

A

A protein called actin

96
Q

What are microtubules made of?

A

A protein called tubulin

97
Q

Intermediate filaments are part of _____________

A

Desmosomes

98
Q

______________ act as Intermediate filaments

A

Many Different proteins

Physiology 210A (10 decks)

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