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Physiology 210A > Blood Physiology Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Blood Physiology Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Blood

A

liquid connective tissue composed of different cells (rbc, wbc, platelets) dissolved in plasma

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2
Q

Blood also contains

A

gases, waste products, nutrients, hormones

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3
Q

Blood is found in _______

A

the circulatry system, in blood vessels

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4
Q

Blood is heavier/more viscous than _____

A

water

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5
Q

Functions of blood (4)

A
  1. Transport of substances in blood
  2. Regulation of ion and PH balance
  3. defence and immune protection
  4. Hemostasis or the prevention of blood loss
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6
Q

Whole blood may be seperated by ______

A

centrifugation

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7
Q

What will a centrifuged tube have in its layers?

A

The upper layer of the test tube is plasma (55% of blood volume)

The middle layer is called buffy coat, which contains wbc, platelets (less than 1% of blood volume)

The bottom layer is the red blood cells (45% of blood volume)

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8
Q

RBC are also called _________

A

erythrocyte

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9
Q

WBC are also called ______

A

leukocyte

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10
Q

Platelets are also called ________

A

thrombocyte

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11
Q

Hematocrit

A

The percent of total blood volume occupied by packed RBC

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12
Q

How is hematocrit measured

A

x/y x 100%, where x= the volume of packed red blood cells and y= total
blood volume

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13
Q

What is the hematocrit precentage in males and females?

A

Males: 47%

Females: 42%

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14
Q

What does a low hematocrit % indicate?

A

Anemia, which is whewn the low number or RBC delivers less oxygen to tissues

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15
Q

What does a high hematocrit % indicate?

A

polycythemia

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16
Q

2 fluid compartments of body

A

Intracellular - Fluid inside cells

Extracellular - Fluid outside cells (plasma, interstial)

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17
Q

Composition of Plasma:

A

liquid portion of blood containing water, electrolytes, organic molecules, trace
elements, gases

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18
Q

Substances transported by blood include (5)

A

-Oxygen
-Carbon Dioxide
-Nutrient
-Waste Products
-Hormones

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19
Q

4 classes of plasma proteins:

A

-Albumins

-Globulins

-Fibrinogen

-Transferrin

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20
Q

Where is the major sites of synthesis for plasma proteins?

A

The liver

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21
Q

Albumin function

A

contribute to colloid osmotic pressure of plasma,
carry/transport substances in plasma

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22
Q

Globulins Function

A

clotting factors, enzymes, antibodies, carriers for various
substances in plasma

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23
Q

Fibrinogen function

A

forms fibrinogen threads for blood clotting

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24
Q

Transferin function

A

transport of ion

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25
What are the 3 types of blood cells?
-Red Blood Cells -White Blood Cells -Platelets
26
Numbers of blood cells are measured in __________
microliters of blood
27
Red Blood Cell Function
transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
28
What are the 3 subtypes of WBC?
1. Polymorphonuclear Granulocytes 2. Monocytes 3. Lymphocytes
29
Polymorphonucler granulocyte white blood cells are classified according to ________
staining characteristics of cytoplasmic granules and structure of the nuclear lobes
30
3 types of Polymorphonuclear granulocytes
-Neutrophils -Esinophils -Basophils
31
Neutrophil function
phagocytes
32
Eosinophils function
defence against parasites
33
Basophils function
inflammation
34
Monocytes function
phagocytes and immune defense; leave the blood stream and are transformed into tissue macrophages
35
What are the two subtypes of Lymphocytes
B-Cells T-Cells
36
B-Cells function
Antibody production and humoral immunity
37
T-Cells function
Cellular Immunity
38
Hemotopoiesis
process of formation of blood cells
39
Where does hematopoiesis happen prior to birth?
yolk sac, liver, spleen
40
Where does hematopoiesis happen after birth?
bone marrow
41
All blood cells originate from __________
a pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell, an undifferentiated cell capable of giving rise to any type of blood cell
42
How it hematopoisesis regulated?
through cytokines
43
4 Characteristics of Cytokines
1. Small secreted proteins 2. Regulate hematopoiesis 3. Hormone-like as are released into blood and act on receptors on target cells 4. Also called hematopoietins, or growth factors that influence development of blood cells
44
Two types of cytokines
1. Erythropoietin 2. Thrombopoietin
45
5 important characteristics of red blood cells
1. Biconcave 2. Function to transport oxygen, and carbon dioxide 3. Lose nucleus and other organelles during development 4. Contain many hemoglobin molecules 5. Have a lifespan of 120 days
46
Erythropoietin function
regulates production of RBCs
47
Thrombopoietin function
regulates production of platelets
48
Hemoglobin (Hb) is composed of _______
heme (non-protein) portion and globin (protein) portion
49
What is hemoglobin A?
Adult hemoglobin
50
What is a single molecule of hemoglobin A composed of?
Single hemoglobin molecule has 4 globin chains (2 alpha and 2 beta chains), 4 heme groups and 4 divalent iron atoms (divalent; 2+)
51
Each iron in a Hemoglobin A molecule can bind ______
a single oxygen; each hemoglobin atom can therefore bind 4 oxygen
52
What is the majority of the oxygen transported in the body transported through?
red blood cells bound to hemoglobin
53
Hemoglobin binds oxygen in a _________
loose and reversible manner
54
Relaxed binding structure of hemoglobin allows oxygen to _________
bind in a cooperative manner, meaning the binding of successive oxygen molecules facilitates or helps the binding of the next oxygen
55
Oxyhaemoglobin is _________
hemoglobin to which oxygen is bound; it has a relaxed binding structure
56
Oxygenation is _____
the process by which a ferrous iron combines with one molecule of oxygen
57
Deoxyhemoglobin structure
has a tight binding structure and has given up oxygen
58
Deoxyhemoglobin
Hemoglobin that does not contain oxygen, it has given up oxygen
59
What 4 molecules can hemoglobin bind?
1. Oxygen 2. Carbon Dioxide 3. Nitric Oxide 4. Carbon Monoxide
60
Hemoglobin has a higher affinity for ________ than for oxygen by _____
1. Carbon Monoxide 2. By 200X
61
Hb has a higher affinity for carbon monoxide (200 x higher) than for oxygen, meaning it prefers to _______
bind carbon dioxide and does so very tightly, which makes it difficult to remove from the Hb
62
Carbon monoxide odor/apperance:
Carbon monoxide is colorless, odorless
63

Physiology 210A (10 decks)

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