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Physiology 210A > Blood Physiology Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Blood Physiology Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Blood

A

liquid connective tissue composed of different cells (rbc, wbc, platelets) dissolved in plasma

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2
Q

Blood also contains

A

gases, waste products, nutrients, hormones

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3
Q

Blood is found in _______

A

the circulatry system, in blood vessels

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4
Q

Blood is heavier/more viscous than _____

A

water

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5
Q

Functions of blood (4)

A
  1. Transport of substances in blood
  2. Regulation of ion and PH balance
  3. defence and immune protection
  4. Hemostasis or the prevention of blood loss
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6
Q

Whole blood may be seperated by ______

A

centrifugation

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7
Q

What will a centrifuged tube have in its layers?

A

The upper layer of the test tube is plasma (55% of blood volume)

The middle layer is called buffy coat, which contains wbc, platelets (less than 1% of blood volume)

The bottom layer is the red blood cells (45% of blood volume)

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8
Q

RBC are also called _________

A

erythrocyte

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9
Q

WBC are also called ______

A

leukocyte

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10
Q

Platelets are also called ________

A

thrombocyte

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11
Q

Hematocrit

A

The percent of total blood volume occupied by packed RBC

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12
Q

How is hematocrit measured

A

x/y x 100%, where x= the volume of packed red blood cells and y= total
blood volume

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13
Q

What is the hematocrit precentage in males and females?

A

Males: 47%

Females: 42%

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14
Q

What does a low hematocrit % indicate?

A

Anemia, which is whewn the low number or RBC delivers less oxygen to tissues

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15
Q

What does a high hematocrit % indicate?

A

polycythemia

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16
Q

2 fluid compartments of body

A

Intracellular - Fluid inside cells

Extracellular - Fluid outside cells (plasma, interstial)

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17
Q

Composition of Plasma:

A

liquid portion of blood containing water, electrolytes, organic molecules, trace
elements, gases

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18
Q

Substances transported by blood include (5)

A

-Oxygen
-Carbon Dioxide
-Nutrient
-Waste Products
-Hormones

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19
Q

4 classes of plasma proteins:

A

-Albumins

-Globulins

-Fibrinogen

-Transferrin

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20
Q

Where is the major sites of synthesis for plasma proteins?

A

The liver

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21
Q

Albumin function

A

contribute to colloid osmotic pressure of plasma,
carry/transport substances in plasma

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22
Q

Globulins Function

A

clotting factors, enzymes, antibodies, carriers for various
substances in plasma

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23
Q

Fibrinogen function

A

forms fibrinogen threads for blood clotting

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24
Q

Transferin function

A

transport of ion

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25
Q

What are the 3 types of blood cells?

A

-Red Blood Cells

-White Blood Cells

-Platelets

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26
Q

Numbers of blood cells are measured in __________

A

microliters of blood

27
Q

Red Blood Cell Function

A

transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide

28
Q

What are the 3 subtypes of WBC?

A
  1. Polymorphonuclear Granulocytes
  2. Monocytes
  3. Lymphocytes
29
Q

Polymorphonucler granulocyte white blood cells are classified according to ________

A

staining characteristics of cytoplasmic granules and structure of the nuclear
lobes

30
Q

3 types of Polymorphonuclear granulocytes

A

-Neutrophils

-Esinophils

-Basophils

31
Q

Neutrophil function

A

phagocytes

32
Q

Eosinophils function

A

defence against parasites

33
Q

Basophils
function

A

inflammation

34
Q

Monocytes function

A

phagocytes and immune defense; leave the blood stream
and are transformed into tissue macrophages

35
Q

What are the two subtypes of Lymphocytes

A

B-Cells

T-Cells

36
Q

B-Cells function

A

Antibody production and humoral immunity

37
Q

T-Cells function

A

Cellular Immunity

38
Q

Hemotopoiesis

A

process of formation of blood cells

39
Q

Where does hematopoiesis happen prior to birth?

A

yolk sac, liver, spleen

40
Q

Where does hematopoiesis happen after birth?

A

bone marrow

41
Q

All blood cells originate from __________

A

a pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell, an undifferentiated cell capable of giving rise to any type of blood cell

42
Q

How it hematopoisesis regulated?

A

through cytokines

43
Q

4 Characteristics of Cytokines

A
  1. Small secreted proteins
  2. Regulate hematopoiesis
  3. Hormone-like as are released into blood and act on receptors on target cells
  4. Also called hematopoietins, or growth factors that influence development of blood cells
44
Q

Two types of cytokines

A
  1. Erythropoietin
  2. Thrombopoietin
45
Q

5 important characteristics of red blood cells

A
  1. Biconcave
  2. Function to transport oxygen, and carbon dioxide
  3. Lose nucleus and other organelles during development
  4. Contain many hemoglobin molecules
  5. Have a lifespan of 120 days
46
Q

Erythropoietin function

A

regulates production of RBCs

47
Q

Thrombopoietin function

A

regulates production of platelets

48
Q

Hemoglobin (Hb) is composed of _______

A

heme (non-protein) portion and globin (protein) portion

49
Q

What is hemoglobin A?

A

Adult hemoglobin

50
Q

What is a single molecule of hemoglobin A composed of?

A

Single hemoglobin molecule has 4 globin chains (2 alpha and 2 beta chains), 4
heme groups and 4 divalent iron atoms (divalent; 2+)

51
Q

Each iron in a Hemoglobin A molecule can bind ______

A

a single oxygen; each hemoglobin atom can therefore bind
4 oxygen

52
Q

What is the majority of the oxygen transported in the body transported through?

A

red blood cells bound to hemoglobin

53
Q

Hemoglobin binds oxygen in a _________

A

loose and reversible manner

54
Q

Relaxed binding structure of hemoglobin allows oxygen to _________

A

bind in a cooperative manner, meaning the binding of successive oxygen molecules facilitates or helps the binding of the next oxygen

55
Q

Oxyhaemoglobin is _________

A

hemoglobin to which oxygen is bound; it has a relaxed binding structure

56
Q

Oxygenation is _____

A

the process by which a ferrous iron combines with one
molecule of oxygen

57
Q

Deoxyhemoglobin structure

A

has a tight binding structure and has given up oxygen

58
Q

Deoxyhemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin that does not contain oxygen, it has given up oxygen

59
Q

What 4 molecules can hemoglobin bind?

A
  1. Oxygen
  2. Carbon Dioxide
  3. Nitric Oxide
  4. Carbon Monoxide
60
Q

Hemoglobin has a higher affinity for ________ than for oxygen by _____

A
  1. Carbon Monoxide
  2. By 200X
61
Q

Hb has a higher affinity for carbon monoxide (200 x higher) than for oxygen, meaning it prefers to _______

A

bind carbon dioxide and does so very tightly, which makes it difficult to remove from the Hb

62
Q

Carbon monoxide odor/apperance:

A

Carbon monoxide is colorless, odorless

63
Q
A

Physiology 210A (10 decks)

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