Blood Physiology Lecture 3

Question 1

__________ is part of a bodys immune response

Answer 1

Inflammation

Question 1

Inflammation

Answer 1

The non-specific innate immune response to tissue injury initiated

Question 2

Purpose of inflammation

Answer 2

to heal and fix injury, by descruting of non-self agents and formatoin of scar tissue (fibrosis)

Question 3

Inducers of inflammation may include (not very important) (5)

Answer 3

-Cut on skin surface
-Bullet wound
-injuries due to sun burn
-infected stutures during surgery
-infection of tonsil by cold virus

Question 4

Physical characteristics of inflammation

Answer 4

1. Redness
2. Swelling
3. Heat
4. Pain
5. Loss of function

Question 5

3 components of inflammatory pathway in order

Answer 5

inducers ___> sensors ——> mediators

Question 6

inducers

Answer 6

causitive agents, initiative inflammatory response

Question 7

sensors

Answer 7

sense the presence of foreign non-self agents

-activate mediaters

Question 8

mediators

Answer 8

take over the task of repare

Question 9

the first three signs of inflmmation are associated with changes in __________

Answer 9

vessels or vasculature

Question 10

first three steps of inflammation

Answer 10

1. Redness
2. Swelling
3. Heat

Question 11

Steps following injury in vasculature:

Answer 11

1. Histamine is released by mast cells
2. Histamine causes vasodilation of blood vessels, which increases blood flow causing the redness and heat of inflammation
3. Histamine causes blood vessels to become leaky or more permeable, allowing proteins and fluid to move to the extracellular space. The fluid
   causes the swelling of inflammation.

Question 12

where are mast cells found

Answer 12

in the skin tissue

Question 13

Histamine is a ___________

Answer 13

inflammatory mediator

Question 14

There are _______ major components of acute short term inflammation

Answer 14

2

Question 15

What are the 2 components of acute short term inflammation?

Answer 15

1. Vascular Events
2. Cellular Events

Question 16

Vascular events refers to ________

Answer 16

refers to events involving blood vessels

Question 17

Cellular Events refer to ______

Answer 17

refers to events associated with cells

Question 18

Vascular event steps (5)

Answer 18

-Release of histamine

-Local blood vessels dilate

-Local blood vessels become leaky

• Accumulation of protein and fluid in the extracellular space
• Inflammatory mediators are released: bradykinin, prostaglandins,
  complement proteins

Question 19

Cellular Events steps (

Question 20

bradykinin and prostaglandins may cauase feeling of _______ at injury

Answer 20

pain

Question 21

cellular events steps (3)

Answer 21

1. as vascular changes occur, resident macrophages entrap and kill pathogens, release chemical
   signals
2. Increased movement of WBCs (neutrophils and monocytes) into
   infected area
3. Phagocytosis and destruction of foreign agent

Question 22

The purpose of inflammation is to _________ (3)

Answer 22

destroy non-self agents

healing/resolution

fibrosis

Question 23

The main goal of inflammation in terms of cellular events is to __________

Answer 23

bring WBCs to the inflamed tissue and kill the
“non-self” agent

Question 24

Cellular events that bring WBC to inflamed tissue and kill the non-self agent steps (8):

Answer 24

1. Margination of WBCs – move to edge of blood vessels 2. Tethering and rolling of WBCs inside blood vessel – attaching of WBC to endothelial cells of the blood vessels and slow rolling along the vessel 3. Activation of WBCs and endothelial cells – involves expression of proteins on the surface of neutrophils and endothelial cells events – refers to events associated with cells 4. Arrest/firm attachment of WBCs to endothelial cells – neutrophils bind to complementary proteins on endothelial cells and stop rolling 5. Emigration/diapedesis - white blood cells squeeze in between adjacent endothelial cells to exit out of the blood vessel and move into the tissue spaces 6. Chemotaxis of WBCs – WBCs move toward the site of inflammation by chemotaxis, a process of cell movement that occurs in response to specific molecules or chemical attractants 7. Recognition of “non-self” by WBCs - at the site of infection, WBCs recognize foreign agents by recognizing chemical molecules on their surface 8. Phagocytosis of “non-self” pathogen by WBCs – process by which foreign pathogens or bacteria are engulfed by neutrophils

Question 25

Chemotaxis in neuraphils moving :

Answer 25

the ability of WBCs to move against a concentration gradient (low → high concentration) in response to chemical factors; they move towards the source of a chemotactic substance

Question 26

Chemotactic factors (chemo-attractants) (WBC)

Answer 26

Chemical factors that attract WBCs to the site of inflammation

Question 27

There are many factors that help in the movement of WBC's to ___________

Answer 27

the source of infection

Question 28

Phagocyte

Answer 28

a cell that can eat other non-self pathogens or dying cells by engulfing them with temporary cytoplasm filled extension of the plasma membrane (pseudopodia).

Question 29

examples of phagocytic cells (4)

Answer 29

1. Monocytes 2. Macrophages 3. Dendritic Cells 4. Neutrophils

Question 30

Phagocytic cells, like macrophages, have receptors called __________

Answer 30

pattern recognition receptors, or toll-like receptors

Question 31

What to pattern recognition receptors do?

Answer 31

Receptors recognize a specific pattern of molecules expressed on bacteria, and therefore do not have to recognize a specific bacteria

Question 32

Opsonins

Answer 32

Molecules added to the surface of a bacteria to help in speeding up the rate of phagocytosis by macrophages or other phagocytic cells

Question 33

opsonins may be ______

Answer 33

antibodies or complement-type proteins

Question 34

Opsonization

Answer 34

Coating of the bacteria with opsonins (either antibodies or complement-type proteins) produced by the host body which then facilitates the attachment and phagocytosis of the bacteria by the phagocytic cell.

Question 35

Opsonins are produced by ______

Answer 35

self or host body

Question 36

Neutrophils play an important role in _______

Answer 36

the immune response

Question 37

2 ways neutrophils kill bacteria?

Answer 37

1. Oxygen-dependant process 2. Oxygen-independant process

Question 38

Oxygen-dependant killing

Answer 38

corrosive oxygen free radical products are synthesized to destroy a foreign body

Question 39

Oxygen-independant killing ______

Answer 39

uses different bactericidal enzymes

Question 40

Types of bactericidal enzymes in oxygen-independent killing:

Answer 40

1. Lysozymes 2. Lactoferrin 3. Defensins

Question 41

Lysozymes

Answer 41

enzymes which work inside phagolysozomes to degrade entire bacteria by proteolytic breakdown

Question 42

Lactoferrin

Answer 42

binds to iron and reduces iron in the environment so that bacteria cannot grow

Question 43

Defensins

Answer 43

drill holes on the surface of a bacteria, killing it