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Physiology 210A > Blood Physiology Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Blood Physiology Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

__________ is part of a bodys immune response

A

Inflammation

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1
Q

Inflammation

A

The non-specific innate immune response to tissue injury initiated

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2
Q

Purpose of inflammation

A

to heal and fix injury, by descruting of non-self agents and formatoin of scar tissue (fibrosis)

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3
Q

Inducers of inflammation may include (not very important) (5)

A

-Cut on skin surface
-Bullet wound
-injuries due to sun burn
-infected stutures during surgery
-infection of tonsil by cold virus

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4
Q

Physical characteristics of inflammation

A
  1. Redness
  2. Swelling
  3. Heat
  4. Pain
  5. Loss of function
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5
Q

3 components of inflammatory pathway in order

A

inducers ___> sensors ——> mediators

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6
Q

inducers

A

causitive agents, initiative inflammatory response

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7
Q

sensors

A

sense the presence of foreign non-self agents

-activate mediaters

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8
Q

mediators

A

take over the task of repare

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9
Q

the first three signs of inflmmation are associated with changes in __________

A

vessels or vasculature

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10
Q

first three steps of inflammation

A
  1. Redness
  2. Swelling
  3. Heat
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11
Q

Steps following injury in vasculature:

A
  1. Histamine is released by mast cells
  2. Histamine causes vasodilation of blood vessels, which increases blood flow causing the redness and heat of inflammation
  3. Histamine causes blood vessels to become leaky or more permeable, allowing proteins and fluid to move to the extracellular space. The fluid
    causes the swelling of inflammation.
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12
Q

where are mast cells found

A

in the skin tissue

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13
Q

Histamine is a ___________

A

inflammatory mediator

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14
Q

There are _______ major components of acute short term inflammation

A

2

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15
Q

What are the 2 components of acute short term inflammation?

A
  1. Vascular Events
  2. Cellular Events
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16
Q

Vascular events refers to ________

A

refers to events involving blood vessels

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17
Q

Cellular Events refer to ______

A

refers to events associated with cells

18
Q

Vascular event steps (5)

A

-Release of histamine

-Local blood vessels dilate

-Local blood vessels become leaky

  • Accumulation of protein and fluid in the extracellular space
  • Inflammatory mediators are released: bradykinin, prostaglandins,
    complement proteins
19
Q

Cellular Events steps (

A
20
Q

bradykinin and prostaglandins may cauase feeling of _______ at injury

A

pain

21
Q

cellular events steps (3)

A
  1. as vascular changes occur, resident macrophages entrap and kill pathogens, release chemical
    signals
  2. Increased movement of WBCs (neutrophils and monocytes) into
    infected area
  3. Phagocytosis and destruction of foreign agent
22
Q

The purpose of inflammation is to _________ (3)

A

destroy non-self agents

healing/resolution

fibrosis

23
Q

The main goal of inflammation in terms of cellular events is to __________

A

bring WBCs to the inflamed tissue and kill the
“non-self” agent

24
Q

Cellular events that bring WBC to inflamed tissue and kill the non-self agent steps (8):

A
  1. Margination of WBCs – move to edge of blood vessels
  2. Tethering and rolling of WBCs inside blood vessel – attaching of WBC to
    endothelial cells of the blood vessels and slow rolling along the vessel
  3. Activation of WBCs and endothelial cells – involves expression of proteins on the
    surface of neutrophils and endothelial cells
    events – refers to events associated with cells
  4. Arrest/firm attachment of WBCs to endothelial cells – neutrophils bind to complementary proteins on endothelial cells and stop rolling
  5. Emigration/diapedesis - white blood cells squeeze in between adjacent endothelial cells to exit out of the blood vessel and move into the tissue spaces
  6. Chemotaxis of WBCs – WBCs move toward the site of inflammation by chemotaxis, a process of cell movement that occurs in response to specific molecules or chemical attractants
  7. Recognition of “non-self” by WBCs - at the site of infection, WBCs recognize foreign agents by recognizing chemical molecules on their surface
  8. Phagocytosis of “non-self” pathogen by WBCs – process by which foreign pathogens or bacteria are engulfed by neutrophils
25
Q

Chemotaxis in neuraphils moving :

A

the ability of WBCs to move against a concentration gradient (low → high
concentration) in response to chemical factors; they move towards the source of a
chemotactic substance

26
Q

Chemotactic factors (chemo-attractants) (WBC)

A

Chemical factors that attract WBCs to the site
of inflammation

27
Q

There are many factors that help in the movement of WBC’s to ___________

A

the source of infection

28
Q

Phagocyte

A

a cell that can eat other non-self pathogens or dying cells by engulfing
them with temporary cytoplasm filled extension of the plasma membrane
(pseudopodia).

29
Q

examples of phagocytic cells (4)

A
  1. Monocytes
  2. Macrophages
  3. Dendritic Cells
  4. Neutrophils
30
Q

Phagocytic cells, like macrophages, have receptors called __________

A

pattern recognition receptors,
or toll-like receptors

31
Q

What to pattern recognition receptors do?

A

Receptors recognize a specific pattern of molecules expressed on bacteria, and
therefore do not have to recognize a specific bacteria

32
Q

Opsonins

A

Molecules added to the surface of a bacteria to help in speeding up the rate of phagocytosis by macrophages or other phagocytic cells

33
Q

opsonins may be ______

A

antibodies or complement-type proteins

34
Q

Opsonization

A

Coating of the bacteria with opsonins (either antibodies or complement-type
proteins) produced by the host body which then facilitates the attachment and phagocytosis of the bacteria by the phagocytic cell.

35
Q

Opsonins are produced by ______

A

self or host body

36
Q

Neutrophils play an important role in _______

A

the immune response

37
Q

2 ways neutrophils kill bacteria?

A
  1. Oxygen-dependant process
  2. Oxygen-independant process
38
Q

Oxygen-dependant killing

A

corrosive oxygen free radical products are
synthesized to destroy a foreign body

39
Q

Oxygen-independant killing ______

A

uses different bactericidal enzymes

40
Q

Types of bactericidal enzymes in oxygen-independent killing:

A
  1. Lysozymes
  2. Lactoferrin
  3. Defensins
41
Q

Lysozymes

A

enzymes which work inside phagolysozomes to degrade entire bacteria by proteolytic breakdown

42
Q

Lactoferrin

A

binds to iron and reduces iron in the environment so that bacteria cannot grow

43
Q

Defensins

A

drill holes on the surface of a bacteria, killing it

Physiology 210A (10 decks)

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