Blood Physiology Lecture 2 Flashcards
3 Essential Factors for RBC production
- Cytokines
- Dietary Factors
- Intrinsic Factors
Cytokines as essential factors in RBC production
erythropoietin (EPO) stimulates RBC production
Dietary factors as essential factor in RBC production
iron needed in Hb, folic acid, and vitamin B12
Intrinsic factors as essential factors in RBC production
made by cells in the stomach and needed for absorption of
vitamin B12
Steps of regulation of RBC production by Erythripotein
- Low oxygen delivery to kidney (hypoxia)
- Secretion of erythropoiten
- Increases production or red blood cells by the bone marrow
- Increased hemoglobin concentration
- Increased carrying capacity of oxygen in blood
- Restoration of oxygen delivery
hypoxia
low oxygen concentration in blood
3 categories contributing to hypoxia:
- Anything that affects bloods ability to carry oxygen
- Anything that affects delivery of oxygen to tissues
- Anything that affects a persons ability to take in oxygen
Factors that can affect blood ability to carry oxygen (5)
- Low blood volume
- Anemia
- Low hemoglobin
- Poor blood flow
- Pulmonary Disease
Factors that reduce oxygens delivery to the tissues (3)
- Low blood volume
- Anemia
- Low hemoglobin
Factor that affects blood’s ability to take in oxygen
Pulmonary Disease
Iron is needed for ________
production of red blood cells
Uptake and Recirculation of Iron steps ( )
- Iron is obtained from food, and is absorbed into the blood in the intestine
- In the blood iron is transported and bound to transferrin (iron transport protein)
- Iron is carried by transferrin to the bone marrow where it is used to make hemoglobin for RBC
The body maintains an iron _______
balance
How can the body loose iron (3)
- sweat
- urine
- menstrual flow
How can the body increase iron levels if you are loosing a lot? (2)
- By increasing rate of absorption of iron in intestines
- Using the ones from the bodys reserve
Body Iron reserve composition
-50% of the iron is from Hb from dying RBC
-25% of the iron is stored in other iron-containg protein
-25% is stored in liver bound to ferritin (a protein)
Where may bilirubin end up (2)
-Urine
-Fecal waste
Recycling of iron from old/damaged RBC’s steps (4)
- Old or damaged RBC is taken up by macrophages in spleen by phagocytosis
- Hemoglobin is broken down into heme and globin
- Heme is broken down into iron and biliverdin
-Iron is absorbed into the blood for erythropoiesis or stored in the spleen or liver bound to ferritin
-Biliverdin is converted to bilirubin, and then secreted into bile and enters the small intestine
- Globin is broken down into amino acids
Vitamin B12 is required for _______
normal production of RBC
Where is Vitamin B12 obtained from?
a persons diet
Absorption of Vitamin B12 steps
- Vitamin B12 will go from food into stomach
- Intrinsic factors (protein) will be secreted by cells in stomach wall
- Vitamin B12 and Intrinsic Factors will form a complex (B12/IF complex) in the small intestine
- B12 is absorbed into the blood
Pernicious anemia is due to _______
a lack of vitamin B12
Anemia is the ______
decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood due to a deficiency of RBCs and/or hemoglobin contained in the RBCs
Factors leading to anemia:
- Lack of iron
- Lack of intrinsic factors or Vitamin B12 (prenicous anemia)
- Damage of bone marrow due to radiation/drugs (aplastic anemia)
- Chronic kidney disease (reduces the level of erythropoiten (EPO)
- Increaseds breakdwon due to abnormal shape of RBC or due to immune reactions during transfusion (Hemolytic Anemia)
- Hemorrhagic anemia: increased blood loss due to injury, bleeding ulcer or chronic menstruation
- abnormal structure of hemoglobin
Pernicous anemia
decrease of rbc when the intestines can not properly ingest Vitamin B12
aplastic anemia
where the bone marrow does not produce enough blood cells (rbc, platelets, wbc)
hemorrhage meaning
loss of blood from the circulatory system
Normal adult hemoglobin is composed of _________ chains
-2 alpha and 2 beta polypeptide
Normal hemoglobin is _______ shaped
disc
Abnormal hemoglobin is _______ shaped (sickle cell)
crescent
Sickle cell disease has abnormal hemoglobin called ________
HbS
Characteristics of disease: sickle-shaped RBC with ___________
hard, nonflexible cell membranes
The sickle shape of the RBC is caused by ______
an abnormal globin chain
RBC in sickle cell disease are _______ as they pass through capillaries and this leads to hemolytic anemia
damaged
RBC in sickle cell disease are damaged as they pass through capillaries and this leads to ________
hemolytic anemia
Sickle cell disease is an _____
autosomal recessive disease
(the gene for Hb S has to be inherited from both
parents)
Immunity refers to ________
the process that help a cell or the interior of our body defend against anything foreign- it protects our ‘self’ from our ‘non-self)
what are the two types of immunity?
-innate (natural)
-acquired (adaptive/specific)
The immunity that we are born with is called ______
innate immunity
Innate immunity includes ______ defences in the body
non-specific defences
Innate immunity includes non-specific defences in the body such as ________
such as physico-chemical barriers, or physiological and chemical barriers of the body
Examples of physico-chemical
barriers, or physiological and chemical barriers of the body in innate imunity (4)
-Skin
-Enzymes in body fluids
-Acid secretion in the stomach
-WBC’s
Specific/Acquired immunity is immunity that is _________
Acquired over time and upon exposure to foreign pathogens/cells
In acquired immunity _______ trigger the immunity to develop
Foreign objects
___________ are key players in specific/acquired immunity
Lymphocytes
White Blood Cells production steps:
- Pluripotent cells (WBC precursors) produced from pluripotent stem cells in bone marrow
- Pluripotent cells are converted to either:
-granulocytes (neutrophils/esinophils/basophils)
-monocytes
-lymphocytes (B-Cells and T-Cells)
this step is in blood vessels now
- Then they go to tissue and die
Lymphocytes production unique elements
After the pluripotent cells are produced in the bone marrow, the cells becoming T-Cells migrate to the thymus to complete development then return to blood
-Lymphocytes may migrate to peripheral tissues, and are returned to circulation by lymphatic circulation
Key features of innate immunity (3)
Non-specific
No memory
Fast (sec/min/h)
Key features of acquired immunity (3)
Specific
Has memory
Slow (days/weeks)
Major cells involved in Innate immunity
Phagocytes
(neutrophils and
macrophages)
Major cells involved in acquired immunity
Lymphocytes
(B and T cells)
Major molecules involved in Innate immunity
Complement system
Major molecules involved in acquired immunity
-Antibodies
-Cytotoxic molecules
Appropriate responses of the immune system:
-defense
-remove old/damaged/abnormal
cells
Inappropriate responses of the immune system:
-allergies
-autoimmune reactions
