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Physiology 210A > Blood Physiology Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Blood Physiology Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

3 Essential Factors for RBC production

A
  1. Cytokines
  2. Dietary Factors
  3. Intrinsic Factors
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2
Q

Cytokines as essential factors in RBC production

A

erythropoietin (EPO) stimulates RBC production

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3
Q

Dietary factors as essential factor in RBC production

A

iron needed in Hb, folic acid, and vitamin B12

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4
Q

Intrinsic factors as essential factors in RBC production

A

made by cells in the stomach and needed for absorption of
vitamin B12

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5
Q

Steps of regulation of RBC production by Erythripotein

A
  1. Low oxygen delivery to kidney (hypoxia)
  2. Secretion of erythropoiten
  3. Increases production or red blood cells by the bone marrow
  4. Increased hemoglobin concentration
  5. Increased carrying capacity of oxygen in blood
  6. Restoration of oxygen delivery
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6
Q

hypoxia

A

low oxygen concentration in blood

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7
Q

3 categories contributing to hypoxia:

A
  1. Anything that affects bloods ability to carry oxygen
  2. Anything that affects delivery of oxygen to tissues
  3. Anything that affects a persons ability to take in oxygen
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8
Q

Factors that can affect blood ability to carry oxygen (5)

A
  1. Low blood volume
  2. Anemia
  3. Low hemoglobin
  4. Poor blood flow
  5. Pulmonary Disease
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9
Q

Factors that reduce oxygens delivery to the tissues (3)

A
  1. Low blood volume
  2. Anemia
  3. Low hemoglobin
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10
Q

Factor that affects blood’s ability to take in oxygen

A

Pulmonary Disease

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11
Q

Iron is needed for ________

A

production of red blood cells

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12
Q

Uptake and Recirculation of Iron steps ( )

A
  1. Iron is obtained from food, and is absorbed into the blood in the intestine
  2. In the blood iron is transported and bound to transferrin (iron transport protein)
  3. Iron is carried by transferrin to the bone marrow where it is used to make hemoglobin for RBC
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13
Q

The body maintains an iron _______

A

balance

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14
Q

How can the body loose iron (3)

A
  1. sweat
  2. urine
  3. menstrual flow
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15
Q

How can the body increase iron levels if you are loosing a lot? (2)

A
  1. By increasing rate of absorption of iron in intestines
  2. Using the ones from the bodys reserve
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16
Q

Body Iron reserve composition

A

-50% of the iron is from Hb from dying RBC

-25% of the iron is stored in other iron-containg protein

-25% is stored in liver bound to ferritin (a protein)

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17
Q

Where may bilirubin end up (2)

A

-Urine

-Fecal waste

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18
Q

Recycling of iron from old/damaged RBC’s steps (4)

A
  1. Old or damaged RBC is taken up by macrophages in spleen by phagocytosis
  2. Hemoglobin is broken down into heme and globin
  3. Heme is broken down into iron and biliverdin

-Iron is absorbed into the blood for erythropoiesis or stored in the spleen or liver bound to ferritin

-Biliverdin is converted to bilirubin, and then secreted into bile and enters the small intestine

  1. Globin is broken down into amino acids
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19
Q

Vitamin B12 is required for _______

A

normal production of RBC

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20
Q

Where is Vitamin B12 obtained from?

A

a persons diet

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21
Q

Absorption of Vitamin B12 steps

A
  1. Vitamin B12 will go from food into stomach
  2. Intrinsic factors (protein) will be secreted by cells in stomach wall
  3. Vitamin B12 and Intrinsic Factors will form a complex (B12/IF complex) in the small intestine
  4. B12 is absorbed into the blood
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22
Q

Pernicious anemia is due to _______

A

a lack of vitamin B12

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23
Q

Anemia is the ______

A

decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood due to a deficiency of RBCs and/or hemoglobin contained in the RBCs

24
Q

Factors leading to anemia:

A
  1. Lack of iron
  2. Lack of intrinsic factors or Vitamin B12 (prenicous anemia)
  3. Damage of bone marrow due to radiation/drugs (aplastic anemia)
  4. Chronic kidney disease (reduces the level of erythropoiten (EPO)
  5. Increaseds breakdwon due to abnormal shape of RBC or due to immune reactions during transfusion (Hemolytic Anemia)
  6. Hemorrhagic anemia: increased blood loss due to injury, bleeding ulcer or chronic menstruation
  7. abnormal structure of hemoglobin
25
Q

Pernicous anemia

A

decrease of rbc when the intestines can not properly ingest Vitamin B12

26
Q

aplastic anemia

A

where the bone marrow does not produce enough blood cells (rbc, platelets, wbc)

27
Q

hemorrhage meaning

A

loss of blood from the circulatory system

28
Q

Normal adult hemoglobin is composed of _________ chains

A

-2 alpha and 2 beta polypeptide

29
Q

Normal hemoglobin is _______ shaped

A

disc

30
Q

Abnormal hemoglobin is _______ shaped (sickle cell)

A

crescent

31
Q

Sickle cell disease has abnormal hemoglobin called ________

A

HbS

32
Q

Characteristics of disease: sickle-shaped RBC with ___________

A

hard, nonflexible cell membranes

33
Q

The sickle shape of the RBC is caused by ______

A

an abnormal globin chain

34
Q

RBC in sickle cell disease are _______ as they pass through capillaries and this leads to hemolytic anemia

A

damaged

35
Q

RBC in sickle cell disease are damaged as they pass through capillaries and this leads to ________

A

hemolytic anemia

36
Q

Sickle cell disease is an _____

A

autosomal recessive disease

(the gene for Hb S has to be inherited from both
parents)

37
Q

Immunity refers to ________

A

the process that help a cell or the interior of our body defend against anything foreign- it protects our ‘self’ from our ‘non-self)

38
Q

what are the two types of immunity?

A

-innate (natural)

-acquired (adaptive/specific)

39
Q

The immunity that we are born with is called ______

A

innate immunity

40
Q

Innate immunity includes ______ defences in the body

A

non-specific defences

41
Q

Innate immunity includes non-specific defences in the body such as ________

A

such as physico-chemical barriers, or physiological and chemical barriers of the body

42
Q

Examples of physico-chemical
barriers, or physiological and chemical barriers of the body in innate imunity (4)

A

-Skin
-Enzymes in body fluids
-Acid secretion in the stomach
-WBC’s

43
Q

Specific/Acquired immunity is immunity that is _________

A

Acquired over time and upon exposure to foreign pathogens/cells

44
Q

In acquired immunity _______ trigger the immunity to develop

A

Foreign objects

45
Q

___________ are key players in specific/acquired immunity

A

Lymphocytes

46
Q

White Blood Cells production steps:

A
  1. Pluripotent cells (WBC precursors) produced from pluripotent stem cells in bone marrow
  2. Pluripotent cells are converted to either:

-granulocytes (neutrophils/esinophils/basophils)

-monocytes

-lymphocytes (B-Cells and T-Cells)

this step is in blood vessels now

  1. Then they go to tissue and die
47
Q

Lymphocytes production unique elements

A

After the pluripotent cells are produced in the bone marrow, the cells becoming T-Cells migrate to the thymus to complete development then return to blood

-Lymphocytes may migrate to peripheral tissues, and are returned to circulation by lymphatic circulation

48
Q

Key features of innate immunity (3)

A

Non-specific
No memory
Fast (sec/min/h)

49
Q

Key features of acquired immunity (3)

A

Specific
Has memory
Slow (days/weeks)

50
Q

Major cells involved in Innate immunity

A

Phagocytes
(neutrophils and
macrophages)

51
Q

Major cells involved in acquired immunity

A

Lymphocytes
(B and T cells)

52
Q

Major molecules involved in Innate immunity

A

Complement system

53
Q

Major molecules involved in acquired immunity

A

-Antibodies

-Cytotoxic molecules

54
Q

Appropriate responses of the immune system:

A

-defense

-remove old/damaged/abnormal
cells

55
Q

Inappropriate responses of the immune system:

A

-allergies

-autoimmune reactions

Physiology 210A (10 decks)

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