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Physiology 210 > Cell Physiology > Flashcards

Cell Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Plasma Membranes

A
  1. Physical barrier
  2. Cell to Cell communication
  3. Structural support
  4. Transport
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2
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer

A

Spontaneously form bilayer
Polar head faces aqueous environment
Nonpolar tails from hydrophobic core

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3
Q

Steroids

A

Cholesterol maintains membrane fluidity

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4
Q

Glycolipids

A 
Lipids with CHO chain attached
Outer leaflet of plasma membrane 
Amphipathic 
Forms glycocalyx 
-layer of carbs linked to lipids
-identification + interaction between cells
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5
Q

Desmosomes

A

Adhering junctions that anchor cells together in tissues subject to considerable stretching or mechanical stress
Maintain the structural integrity of tissue
Cadherins link cells together

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6
Q

Tight Junctions

A

Occludins form nearly impermeable junctions that link adjacent cells together and limit the movement of molecules between cells

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7
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Links cytoplasm of adjacent cells with connexions
Communicating Junctions
Electrically and metabolically couple cells

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8
Q

Nucleus Function

A

Transmission of genetic information and contains information for protein synthesis

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9
Q

Nucleus Structure

A

Nuclear envelope is made of 2 phospholipid bilayers and has pores that allow molecules to move in and out of the nucleus

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10
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA and associated proteins

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11
Q

Nucleolus

A

Site of synthesis of ribosomal RNA

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12
Q

Ribosome Function

A

protein synthesis

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13
Q

Ribosome Structure

A

Composed of large and small subunit that are not functional when separated

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14
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Function

A

Synthesizes proteins and performs post-translational modifications needed for a functional protein

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15
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Structure

A

Flattened sacs with ribosomes attached to outer surface

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16
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Function

A

Synthesizes lipids, stores calcium, drug detoxification

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17
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Structure

A

Branched tubular structure with no ribosomes attached to outer surface

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18
Q

Golgi Apparatus Function

A

Modifies proteins made at RER, sorts and packages proteins into vesicles, sends proteins to where it needs to be

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19
Q

Golgi Apparatus Structure

A

Composed of cisternae

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20
Q

Lysosomes

A

Contains hydrolytic enzymes which break large molecules into small subunits
Active at pH of 5

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21
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Contains oxidative enzymes which uses oxygen to remove hydrogen from molecules, breaking them down
Breaks down fatty acids, alcohol, drugs
byproduct is H2O2

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22
Q

Mitochondria

A

Makes energy for the cell
contains double phospholipid membrane
Have own DNA

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23
Q

Cytoskeleton Function

A

Maintain cell shape, position of organelles in cell

24
Q

Cytoskeleton Structure

A

Composed of protein/cytoskeletal filaments
Microfilaments = actin
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules = tubulin

25
Phagocytosis
Uses extensions of the plasma membrane called pseudopodia to surround material being brought into the cell Brings in large particles
26
Pinocytosis
Plasma membrane indents below the particles to be brought into the cell Nonspecific process Brings in small molecules like ions and nutrients
27
Receptor-mediated Endocytosis
Specific process - involves receptors that bind specific ligands brought into the cell Involves clathrin -concentrates -clathrin-coated vesicle is formed
28
Exocytosis
Release content from cell using vesicles - hormones - waste products
29
Chemical Driving Force
Chemical driving is due to the concentration gradient of the substance
30
Electrical Driving Force
Electrical driving is due to the membrane potential
31
Electrochemical Driving Forces
The sum of the electrical and chemical driving forces acting on an ion - depends on net direction of both
32
Simple Diffusion
Passive movement of molecules through bilayer Doesn't require energy Moves in concentration gradient
33
What can move by diffusion?
small, nonpolar, uncharged = yes small, polar, uncharged= maybe large, polar uncharged = no any molecule with a charge will not move by diffusion
34
Factors Influencing Rate of Diffusion
1. Lipid solubility of the diffusing substance - nonpolar cross easier 2. Size + shape of substance - smaller, even shaped cross easier 3. Temperature - hotter=greater membrane permeability 4. Diffusing distance - how thick distance is
35
Osmosis
Passive diffusion of water | Moves from area of low solute concentration to area of high solute concentration
36
Carrier-Mediated Facilitated Diffusion
Involves transport proteins called carriers which have a specific binding site for the substance to be transported - Bind the substance and move it across plasma membrane from high to low concentration - no energy required
37
Channel-Mediated Facilitated Diffusion
Selective for a certain molecule (usually an ion) Electrochemical gradient determines ion flux In an open or closed state -voltage gated -ligand gated -mechanically gated
38
Active Transport
Uses ATP Involves transport proteins with specific binding sites for the substance transported Capable of going against concentration gradient
39
Primary Active Transport
Energy source for the process is ATP eg. NA+/K+ pump -maintains membrane potential + concentration gradient of ions At rest = high Na+ outside of cell and high K+ inside of cell 3 Na+ in and 2 K+ out
40
Secondary Active Transport
Energy source is movement of an ion down its electrochemical gradient Couples movement of an ion down it's electrochemical gradient with another substance moving against its concentration gradient eg. Na+/Glucose cotransporter or Na+/H+ exchanger
41
Unsaturable Transport
Simple Diffusion
42
Saturable Transport
Mediated transport
43
Signal Transduction
Sequence of events between the binding of a messenger to a receptor and the production of a cellular response
44
First Messenger
Extracellular chemical messenger that binds to a specific membrane-bound receptor
45
Second Messenger
Substance that enters or is generated in the cytoplasm of a cell following the binding of the first messenger to its receptor
46
Properties of Receptors
Receptors have specific binding sites for a specific messenger Receptors show saturation - defined number of binding sites Receptors bind different messengers with different affinities
47
Lipid-soluble Chemical Messengers
Bind to receptors in cytoplasm or nucleus steriod hormones alters transcription of mRNA by binding to response element alters rate of protein synthesis
48
Water-Soluble Chemical Messengers
Bind to receptors on extracellular surface or plasma membrane hormones, neurotransmitters channel, enzyme, G-linked protein receptors
49
Ligand-gated Ion Channels
Membrane-bound receptor 1. 1st messenger binding to receptor opens ion channel 2. ions cross membrane 3. change in electrical properties of cell Fast, may be a calcium channel
50
Enzyme-Gated Ion Channels
Membrane-bound receptor - proteins that function as a receptor also have intrinsic enzyme activity - receptor tyrosine kinases - docking site for cytoplasmic proteins - autophosphorylates - activation of cytoplasmic proteins by phophorylation
51
G-Protein Linked Receptors
Membrane-bound receptors - cytosolic surface of plasma membrane - bings guanosine nucleotides - alpha, beta, gamma subunits - only alpha subunits bind nucleotides
52
Activation of G-Proteins on Ion Channels
1. Binding of 1st messenger to a receptor causes a conformational change in receptor 2. Affinity of alpha subunit for GTP increases, GDP dissociates, GTP binds 3. GTP-bound alpha subunit dissociates from beta and gamma, moves to ion channel 4. Ion channel opens or closes, alters flow of ions across membrane
53
Activation of G-Proteins on Enzymes
1. Binding of 1st messenger to a receptor causes a conformational change in receptor 2. Affinity of alpha subunit for GTP increases, GDP dissociates, GTP binds 3. GTP-bound alpha subunit dissociates from beta and gamma, moves to enzyme 4. Gs protein stimulates enzymes, Gi protein inhibits protein 5. Alters production of 2nd messenger in cytosol
54
cAMP 2nd Messenger System
1. Gs activates cAMP 2nd messenger system 2. cAMP is converted to noncyclic AMP by phosphodiesterase 3. Gi inhibits cAMP 2nd messenger system
55
Calcium as 2nd Messenger
1. Active transporters maintain low cytosolic [Ca2+] 2. 1st messenger binds to receptor 3. receptor is ligand-gated ion channel or activates G-protein 4. Increase in cytosolic [Ca2+] 5. Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release 6. Ca2+ is a 2nd messenger 7. Activates calmodulin 8. Calcium-calmodulin complex alters activity of enzymes + proteins

Physiology 210 (12 decks)

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