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Physiology 210 > Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the ANS?

A

Communication System
Part of the PNS
2 pathways

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2
Q

Afferent Pathway

A

Carries nerve impulses from the periphery to the CNS

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3
Q

Efferent Pathway

A

Carries nerve impulses from the CNS to the various targets

  • sympathetic nervous system
  • parasympathetic nervous system
  • enteric nervous system
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4
Q

Functions of the ANS

A

Maintains homeostasis
Response to stress
Regulates day to day functions in the body

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5
Q

What is innervated? - Somatic vs ANS

A 
Somatic = skeletal muscle
Autonomic = smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
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6
Q

What is the response? - Somatic vs ANS

A 
Somatic = always excitatory (contraction)
Autonomic = excitatory or inhibitory  (contraction or relaxation, increased or decreased secretion)
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7
Q

Efferent (motor) Path? - Somatic vs ANS

A 
Somatic = one neuron link 
Autonomic = two neuron link
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8
Q

Which transmitters? - Somatic vs ANS

A 
Somatic = acetylcholine (ACh)
Autonomic = ACh, norepinephrine, epinephrine
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9
Q

Overall Control? - Somatic vs ANS

A 
Somatic = voluntary
Autonomic = involuntary
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10
Q

Location of Cell Bodies of Preganglionic Fibers in the Parasympathetic System

A

Cranial and sacral nerves

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11
Q

Location of Cell Bodies of Preganglionic Fibers in the Sympathetic System

A

Thoracic and lumbar nerves

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12
Q

Parasympathetic Division

A

Cell bodies of the preganglionic fibres are found in the lateral region of the grey matter.
Axons of preganglionic fibres pass through the ventral roots and then join the spinal nerve and then branch off into ganglion
Ganglia are close to the target organs (terminal ganglia)
-long preganglionic fibre and short postganglionic fibre

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13
Q

Divergent Ganglion

A

One preganglionic fibre connects with several postganglionic fibres

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14
Q

Convergent Ganglion

A

Several preganglionic fibres converge onto a single postganglionic fibre

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15
Q

Sympathetic Division

A

Preganglionic sympathetic fibre has its cell body in the lateral region of the grey matter.
Axon of preganglionic fibre leaves the spinal cord by the ventral roots

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16
Q

3 Pathways a Sympathetic Preganglionic Fibre Can Take When it Leaves the Spinal Cord

A
  1. Synapse immediately with a postganglionic neuron in sympathetic ganglion at the same level
  2. Travel up or down the chain and synapse in ganglia at other levels
  3. Pass through chain without synapsing, continue to collateral ganglion as splanchnic nerve
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17
Q

Communicating Rami

A

Branches, or connections, between the spinal nerve and the ganglia

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18
Q

White Ramus Communicans

A

The branch that leads into the ganglion from the spinal nerve
Myelinated preganglionic fibre

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19
Q

Grey Ramus Communicans

A

The branch that goes back into the spinal nerve

Unmyelinated postganglionic fibre

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20
Q

2 Main Locations and Types of Ganglia in Sympathetic Division

A
  1. Sympathetic chain ganglia or sympathetic trunk
    -parallel to the vertebral column
  2. Collateral ganglia
    -found in front of the vertebrae column
    the preganglionic fibres are short and the postganglionic fibres are long
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21
Q

Varicosity

A

Chains of swellings along the branches of a POSTGANGLIONIC fibre.
Contain synaptic vesicles which release neurotransmitters

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22
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

Hormone producing glands above kidneys

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23
Q

Sympatho-Adrenal System

A

Innervated by sympathetic preganglionic fibres (NO PARASYMPATHETIC)
Acts as a modified sympathetic postganglionic fibre

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24
Q

ACh as a Transmitter

A

The major transmitter for all ANS ganglia - acts on postganglionic fibre
In the parasympathetic system = ACh is released and acts on the target tissue

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25
Q

NE/E as a Transmitter

A

NE/E are released from postganglionic sympathetic fibres and acts on most target tissues in the sympathetic system

26
Q

Chromaffin Cells

A

releases NE/E into the blood from the adrenal medulla

27
Q

Events at a Cholinergic Nerve Terminal

A
  1. Acetyl CoA combines with choline to form ACh
    - Choline is brought into the nerve terminal by a choline carrier
  2. ACh is packaged into vesicles and stored in the terminal until a stimulus comes
  3. Stimulus for the release of ACh from vesicles
    - action potential opens voltage-gated calcium channels
    - calcium rushes in and causes the vesicles containing ACh to move to the membrane and fuse
    - ACh is released by exocytosis into the synapse
  4. ACh acts on cholinergic receptors on the membrane of the postganglionic fibre
  5. Once released from the receptor, ACh is broken down by acetylcholinesterase into choline and acetate
28
Q

Events at an Adrenergic Varicosity

A
  1. NE is synthesized from tyrosine which is taken up into the terminal
    - tyrosine -> DOPA -> dopamine
  2. Dopamine is packaged into a vesicle where it is converted to NE
  3. Release of NE occurs when an action potential comes down the sympathetic postganglionic fibre and causes the opening of calcium channels
  4. Increased calcium concentration causes the vesicles to fuse with the membrane and release via exocytosis
  5. NE binds to adrenergic receptors on the target tissue
29
Q

How is the action of NE Terminated?

A

Reuptake into the nerve terminal

  • NE is removed from the synaptic space by a special transport system which takes NE back into the varicosity
  • packaged and used again
30
Q

Co-transmission

A

more than one transmitter type is usually released at one time from a given site
the composition of the mixture may vary under different circumstances

31
Q

Cholinergic Receptors

A

Binds ACh
Nicotinic (2) = skeletal and nervous tissue
-Nm in somatic system
-Nn in the ganglion of ANS
Muscarinic (5) = smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

32
Q

Adrenergic Receptors

A

Binds NE/E
Alpha (2) + Beta (3) = in smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
Serpentine shaped

33
Q

Nicotinic Receptors

A

Ionotropic receptor = receptor that forms ion channels following the binding of a ligand; ligand-gated ion channels
Doughnut shaped

34
Q

Muscarinic Receptors

A

Metabotropic receptor = membrane receptor that initiates the formation of second messengers following the binding of a ligand
Serpentine shaped

35
Q

Mechanism of Nicotinic Receptors

A
  1. An AP arrives in the preganglionic fibre - opens calcium channels
  2. Increased calcium causes vesicles of ACh to release into the synapse
  3. ACh moves across to the postganglionic fibre and binds to Nn receptor (ligand-gated ion channel)
  4. Binding of ACh opens an ion channel in the receptor
    - sodium entered the postganglionic fibre
  5. Movement of sodium brings positive charge, EPSP
  6. EPSP causes the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels and the additional sodium causes an action potential as the threshold is reached
36
Q

Mechanism of Muscrainic and Adrenergic receptors

A

The binding of neurotransmitters to receptors produces a response through G-protein coupled mechanism

37
Q

Players in the Signal Transduction Story

A
  1. Transmitters/hormones
    - ACh, NE/E
  2. Receptors
    - muscarinic, adrenergicc
  3. G-proteins
    - Gs, Gi
    - transduce extracellular signals into an intracellular response
  4. Enzymes
    - Adenylyl cyclase
    - catalyze the production of second messengers
  5. Second messengers
    - cAMP, calcium
  6. Protein kinases
  7. Response
38
Q

Summary of Signal Transduction Story

A
  1. a transmitter bings to a receptor
  2. the binding causes a conformational change, a cascade of events
  3. the complex causes a conformational change in the G-protein
  4. The G-protein may alter the activity of a membrane-bound enzyme
  5. the enzyme then alters the production of second messengers
  6. second messengers may alter enzyme activity inside of the cell
    - may alter the phosphorylation state of proteins
    - physiological changes
39
Q

Dual Innervation

A

Most tissues receive innervations from both the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions
EXCEPT: sweat glands (sympathetic innervation only) and most blood vessels

40
Q

Parasympathetic System

A

Plays a role in housekeeping

41
Q

Sympathetic System

A

Plays a role in fright, flight, or fight response

42
Q

How are Eyes Affected by ANS?

A 
Sympathetic = dilation of the pupil - adjustment for far vision
Parasympathetic = constriction of the pupil - adjustment for near vision
43
Q

How is the Cardiovascular System Affected by ANS?

A 
Sympathetic = increase heart rate and force of contraction
Parasympathetic = decrease heart rate
44
Q

How are Blood Vessels Affected by ANS?

A 
Sympathetic = constriction
Parasympathetic = no innervation - no response
45
Q

How are Sweat Glands Affected by ANS?

A 
Sympathetic = general increase of temperature 
Parasympathetic = no innervation - no response
46
Q

How are Salivary Glands Affected by ANS?

A 
Sympathetic = small volume of thick saliva 
Parasympathetic = large volume of watery saliva
47
Q

How is the Stomach/Pancreas Affected by ANS?

A 
Sympathetic = decreased secretion
Parasympathetic = increased secretion
48
Q

How is the Digestive Tract Affected by ANS?

A 
Sympathetic = decreased motility, contraction of sphincters
Parasympathetic = increased motility, relaxation of sphincters
49
Q

How are the Lungs Affected by ANS?

A 
Sympathetic = airway dilation
Parasympathetic = airway constriction
50
Q

How is the Bladder Affected by ANS?

A 
Sympathetic = prevent voiding
Parasympathetic = voiding
51
Q

How is Genitalia Affected by ANS?

A 
Sympathetic = decreased blood flow, contracts smooth. muscle
Parasympathetic = increased blood flow, no innervation of smooth muscle
52
Q

Horner’s Syndrome

A

Damage to the sympathetic nerves innervating the face (unilateral) will cause:

  • constriction of the pupil (myosis)
  • drooping of the eyelid (ptosis)
  • lack of sweating (anhidrosis)
  • dilation of blood vessels (flushing)
53
Q

General Scheme for Reflex Arc

A

Stimulus -> sensor -> integrator (brain/spinal cord) -> effector (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands) -> response

54
Q

Major Integrating Centers for Autonomic Reflexes

A

Hypothalamus
-head ganglion of ANS
-temperature regulation
Brainstem (Medulla)
-blood pressure regulation, salivation, swallowing, vomiting, respiration
Spinal Cord
-regulates urination, defecation, erection

55
Q

Role of ANS in Micturition (Urination) Reflex

A

Low volume in the bladder

  • low parasympathetic activity, the bladder does not contract
  • tonic somatic activity, external sphincter contracts

High volume in the bladder

  • high parasympathetic activity, the bladder contracts
  • removal of tonic somatic activity, the external sphincter relaxes and urination occurs
56
Q

Role of ANS in Temperature Regulation

A 
Temperature receptors in the skin and hypothalamus 
Hypothalamus is the integrating center
-changes in blood flow to the skin
-changes in the amount of sweating
-changes in metabolism
57
Q

It’s Too Cold!

A

Increased sympathetic activity

  • increased metabolism and heat production
  • vasoconstriction of blood vessels
  • piloerection (goosebumps)

Decreased sympathetic activity
-inhibition of sweating

58
Q

It’s Too Hot!

A

Increased sympathetic activity
-increased sweating

Decreased sympathetic activity

  • decreased metabolism and heat production
  • reduce vasoconstriction
  • no piloerection
59
Q

How do Drugs Interfere with the ANS

A

Interferes with

  • synthesis, storage, and release of transmitters
  • inactivation of transmitter by uptake or breakdown
  • react with receptors of transmitters causing activation (agonist drugs) or block (antagonist drugs)
60
Q

Agonist Drugs

A

drugs that mimic the action of the normal transmitters when they react with receptors

61
Q

Antagonist Drugs

A

drugs that block or inhibit the action of the physiological transmitter upon binding to a receptor

Physiology 210 (12 decks)

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