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Cell Organelle Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the prokaryotic cells

A

bacteria

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2
Q

what are the eukaryotic cells

A

fungi, protista, animal, and plant

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3
Q

what are eukaryotic cells

A

Contain 3 basic cell structures:
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm with organelles

Larger, more complex
“True nucleus”, genetic material contained in a membrane bound structure
Many “strands” of DNA (chromosomes)
Membrane bound organelles

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4
Q

what are prokaryotic cells

A

Asexual Reproduction
Lack a membrane bound nucleus and organelles
Genetic material is naked in the cytoplasm (called nucleoid region)
Contain a single loop of DNA (and sometimes plasmids)
Ribosomes are the only organelle
Some use flagellum (flagella) for locomotion

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5
Q

what are the bacterial cell shapes

A

rod, sphere, spiral

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6
Q

cell wall

A

description: Rigid, made of cellulose

function: Encapsulates entire cell and surrounds cell membrane
Porous barrier
Gives cells structure

pro/eukrayotic: both (Plant cells & some bacterial cells)
Note: made of different biomolecules depending on cell - will address this in future units - for now just remember that plants have cellulose in their cell walls)

animal or plant cells: plant

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7
Q

Cell/Plasma
Membrane

A

description: Flexible, made of phospholipids, proteins, carbohydrates
Bilayer of phospholipds

function: Separates inside of cell from external environment
Semi-permeable membrane (regulates what enters and exits cell)

Pro-/Eukaryotic: both

animal or plant cells: both

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8
Q

Cytoplasm/
Cytosol

A

description: Contains all organelles & enzymes
Semi-fluid consistency, mostly water based

function: supports organelles
location of cellular reactions (metabolism)

Pro-/Eukaryotic: both

animal or plant cells: both

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9
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

description: Network of fibers & microfilaments composed of proteins

function: Provides “roadways” through the cytoplasm (for vesicle movement)
Provides structure & shape to the cell

Pro-/Eukaryotic: both

animal or plant cells: both

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10
Q

Centrioles/
Centrosomes

A

description: Made of proteins (microtubules) arranged in an X shape in the cell

function: Help with cell division in animal cells

Pro-/Eukaryotic: Eukaryotic Cells

animal or plant cells: animal

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11
Q

Nucleus

A

description: Surrounded by a double membrane
Contains DNA, nucleolus, and nucleoplasm inside

function: Stores genetic information (DNA)
“Brain” of the cell
Coordinates cell activities (growth, metabolism, protein synthesis, cellular reproduction, etc.)

Pro-/Eukaryotic: Eukaryotic Cells

animal or plant cells: both

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12
Q

Nucleolus

A

description: Made up of DNA, RNA, and protein condensed area within the nucleus

function: Helps to make ribosomes inside nucleus

Pro-/Eukaryotic: Eukaryotic Cells

animal or plant cells: both

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13
Q

Ribosomes

A

description: Small protein structures found dotted on the Rough ER or in the cytoplasm (much smaller than most organelles)

function: assembles polypeptide chains; makes proteins
Located on Rough ER or floating freely throughout cytoplasm

Pro-/Eukaryotic: both

animal or plant cells: both

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14
Q

Vacuole

A

description: In plant cells - large central membranous structure that takes up a large amount of space in the cell

Animal cells - smaller membranous structures

function: Store water, nutrients, & waste
Plant cells → 1 large central vacuole
Animal cells → many small vacuoles (can be used as food vacuoles)

Pro-/Eukaryotic: Eukaryotic Cells

animal or plant cells: both

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15
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

description: Multiple-membrane structures grouped near the nucleus

function: Enzyme rich structure that synthesizes lipids
Catalyzes key step in mobilization of glucose from glycogen stored in liver
Helps detoxify drugs, alcohol & poisons in liver

Pro-/Eukaryotic: Eukaryotic Cells

animal or plant cells: both

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16
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

description: Multiple-membrane structures grouped near the nucleus
Ribosomes attached to the outside

function: Involved in the protein synthesis process and proteins being sent to the Golgi, and ultimately outside of the cell

Pro-/Eukaryotic: Eukaryotic Cells

animal or plant cells: both

17
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

description: Multiple-membrane structures grouped together
stacked like pancakes

function: Receives proteins from ER, processes them, & transports them (in vesicles) to be exported out of cell or to organelles
“Protein processing factory”, ”Post office”

Pro-/Eukaryotic: Eukaryotic Cells

animal or plant cells: both

18
Q

Vesicle

A

description: Small membrane structures/sacs

function: Transport large molecules that are too big to pass through membrane
Can fuse with cell membrane or organelle in order to release/provide contents

Pro-/Eukaryotic: Eukaryotic Cells

animal or plant cells: both

19
Q

Lysosome

A

description: Small, circular membrane structure/sac
filled with enzymes

function: Sac of hydrolytic enzymes that help to digest biomolecules & old cell parts
Can often fuse with vacuoles to do this
involved in programed cell death (apoptosis)

Pro-/Eukaryotic: Eukaryotic Cells

animal or plant cells: both (but rare in plant cells)

20
Q

Peroxisome

A

description: Small, circular membrane structure
filled with catalase

function: Small vesicle-like organelle that contain enzymes that break down fatty acids & hydrogen peroxide

Pro-/Eukaryotic: Eukaryotic Cells

animal or plant cells: both (but rare in plant cells)

21
Q

Mitochondria

A

description: Kidney bean shaped molecule made of membranes
Contains inner/outer membrane, cristae, & matrix
Lots of surface area with folded membranes

function: Site of cellular respiration
converts energy in glucose → ATP
“Powerhouse” of cell (site of ATP production)
Contains small quantities of mitochondrial DNA

Pro-/Eukaryotic: Eukaryotic Cells

animal or plant cells: both

22
Q

Chloroplast

A

description: Oval structure filled with purse-like green sacks

Lots of surface area with folded membranes

function: Site of photosynthesis
Uses sunlight, water and CO2 to create glucose
Contains chlorophyll (pigment that absorbs solar energy & reflect green light)

Pro-/Eukaryotic: Eukaryotic Cells

animal or plant cells: plant cells

23
Q

Flagella

A

description: Tail-like structure

function: Large “tail-like” structure that helps cells with motility (swimming)

Pro-/Eukaryotic: Both
(Animal cells & some bacterial cells)

animal or plant cells: animal (sperm is a good example)

24
Q

Cilia

A

description: Hair-like projections on surface of cell

function: Allows for cell motility (move together like many oars on a boat)

Pro-/Eukaryotic: Eukaryotic Cells

animal or plant cells: animal cells

Bio (10 decks)

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