Cell Organelle Flashcards
what are the prokaryotic cells
bacteria
what are the eukaryotic cells
fungi, protista, animal, and plant
what are eukaryotic cells
Contain 3 basic cell structures:
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm with organelles
Larger, more complex
“True nucleus”, genetic material contained in a membrane bound structure
Many “strands” of DNA (chromosomes)
Membrane bound organelles
what are prokaryotic cells
Asexual Reproduction
Lack a membrane bound nucleus and organelles
Genetic material is naked in the cytoplasm (called nucleoid region)
Contain a single loop of DNA (and sometimes plasmids)
Ribosomes are the only organelle
Some use flagellum (flagella) for locomotion
what are the bacterial cell shapes
rod, sphere, spiral
cell wall
description: Rigid, made of cellulose
function: Encapsulates entire cell and surrounds cell membrane
Porous barrier
Gives cells structure
pro/eukrayotic: both (Plant cells & some bacterial cells)
Note: made of different biomolecules depending on cell - will address this in future units - for now just remember that plants have cellulose in their cell walls)
animal or plant cells: plant
Cell/Plasma
Membrane
description: Flexible, made of phospholipids, proteins, carbohydrates
Bilayer of phospholipds
function: Separates inside of cell from external environment
Semi-permeable membrane (regulates what enters and exits cell)
Pro-/Eukaryotic: both
animal or plant cells: both
Cytoplasm/
Cytosol
description: Contains all organelles & enzymes
Semi-fluid consistency, mostly water based
function: supports organelles
location of cellular reactions (metabolism)
Pro-/Eukaryotic: both
animal or plant cells: both
Cytoskeleton
description: Network of fibers & microfilaments composed of proteins
function: Provides “roadways” through the cytoplasm (for vesicle movement)
Provides structure & shape to the cell
Pro-/Eukaryotic: both
animal or plant cells: both
Centrioles/
Centrosomes
description: Made of proteins (microtubules) arranged in an X shape in the cell
function: Help with cell division in animal cells
Pro-/Eukaryotic: Eukaryotic Cells
animal or plant cells: animal
Nucleus
description: Surrounded by a double membrane
Contains DNA, nucleolus, and nucleoplasm inside
function: Stores genetic information (DNA)
“Brain” of the cell
Coordinates cell activities (growth, metabolism, protein synthesis, cellular reproduction, etc.)
Pro-/Eukaryotic: Eukaryotic Cells
animal or plant cells: both
Nucleolus
description: Made up of DNA, RNA, and protein condensed area within the nucleus
function: Helps to make ribosomes inside nucleus
Pro-/Eukaryotic: Eukaryotic Cells
animal or plant cells: both
Ribosomes
description: Small protein structures found dotted on the Rough ER or in the cytoplasm (much smaller than most organelles)
function: assembles polypeptide chains; makes proteins
Located on Rough ER or floating freely throughout cytoplasm
Pro-/Eukaryotic: both
animal or plant cells: both
Vacuole
description: In plant cells - large central membranous structure that takes up a large amount of space in the cell
Animal cells - smaller membranous structures
function: Store water, nutrients, & waste
Plant cells → 1 large central vacuole
Animal cells → many small vacuoles (can be used as food vacuoles)
Pro-/Eukaryotic: Eukaryotic Cells
animal or plant cells: both
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
description: Multiple-membrane structures grouped near the nucleus
function: Enzyme rich structure that synthesizes lipids
Catalyzes key step in mobilization of glucose from glycogen stored in liver
Helps detoxify drugs, alcohol & poisons in liver
Pro-/Eukaryotic: Eukaryotic Cells
animal or plant cells: both
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
description: Multiple-membrane structures grouped near the nucleus
Ribosomes attached to the outside
function: Involved in the protein synthesis process and proteins being sent to the Golgi, and ultimately outside of the cell
Pro-/Eukaryotic: Eukaryotic Cells
animal or plant cells: both
Golgi Apparatus
description: Multiple-membrane structures grouped together
stacked like pancakes
function: Receives proteins from ER, processes them, & transports them (in vesicles) to be exported out of cell or to organelles
“Protein processing factory”, ”Post office”
Pro-/Eukaryotic: Eukaryotic Cells
animal or plant cells: both
Vesicle
description: Small membrane structures/sacs
function: Transport large molecules that are too big to pass through membrane
Can fuse with cell membrane or organelle in order to release/provide contents
Pro-/Eukaryotic: Eukaryotic Cells
animal or plant cells: both
Lysosome
description: Small, circular membrane structure/sac
filled with enzymes
function: Sac of hydrolytic enzymes that help to digest biomolecules & old cell parts
Can often fuse with vacuoles to do this
involved in programed cell death (apoptosis)
Pro-/Eukaryotic: Eukaryotic Cells
animal or plant cells: both (but rare in plant cells)
Peroxisome
description: Small, circular membrane structure
filled with catalase
function: Small vesicle-like organelle that contain enzymes that break down fatty acids & hydrogen peroxide
Pro-/Eukaryotic: Eukaryotic Cells
animal or plant cells: both (but rare in plant cells)
Mitochondria
description: Kidney bean shaped molecule made of membranes
Contains inner/outer membrane, cristae, & matrix
Lots of surface area with folded membranes
function: Site of cellular respiration
converts energy in glucose → ATP
“Powerhouse” of cell (site of ATP production)
Contains small quantities of mitochondrial DNA
Pro-/Eukaryotic: Eukaryotic Cells
animal or plant cells: both
Chloroplast
description: Oval structure filled with purse-like green sacks
Lots of surface area with folded membranes
function: Site of photosynthesis
Uses sunlight, water and CO2 to create glucose
Contains chlorophyll (pigment that absorbs solar energy & reflect green light)
Pro-/Eukaryotic: Eukaryotic Cells
animal or plant cells: plant cells
Flagella
description: Tail-like structure
function: Large “tail-like” structure that helps cells with motility (swimming)
Pro-/Eukaryotic: Both
(Animal cells & some bacterial cells)
animal or plant cells: animal (sperm is a good example)
Cilia
description: Hair-like projections on surface of cell
function: Allows for cell motility (move together like many oars on a boat)
Pro-/Eukaryotic: Eukaryotic Cells
animal or plant cells: animal cells
