Bio Chem Slides Flashcards
what are the big 4
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids
what connect monomers to each other to create polymers
covalent bonds
how are polymers formed
dehydration synthesis
how can polymers be broken
hydrolysis
what is dehydration synthesis
when 2 monomers join together by losing water (H2O) to create a polymer
what is hydrolysis
when a polymer splits into monomers through gaining water (H2O)
what do carbs serve as
sugars that serve as a main source of energy
what elements to carbs contain
C, H, O
what is the ratio of hydrogen and oxygen in carbs
2:1 (2 H for every 1 O)
what nomenclature do carbs often follow
ending in ose
ex: glucose, fructose, sucrose
what are the 3 types of carbs
- monosaccharides (simplest sugars: monomers)
- disaccharides (2 monosaccharides joined together by dehydration synthesis)
- polysaccharides (3 or more monosaccharides joined together into longer chains)
What specific functional group is involved in the formation of water
OH (hydroxyl)
what is glucose
C6H12O6
what do simple sugars provide
short term energy for an organism
*Cells can more readily uptake monosaccharides and utilize them for energy processing
what do polysaccharides provide
“long” term energy storage for organisms
what do some polysaccharides provide for cells
structural support
what are lipids/what do they serve as
hydrophobic molecules that provide energy and structural benefits for organisms (THEY ARE NOT POLYMERS)
what elements do lipids contain
C,H, and O
Since lipids contain way fewer oxygen than carbs, what does this make them?
insoluble and (mostly) nonpolar
what are the 4 types of lipids
- Fats
- Phospholipids
- Steroids
- Waxes
what do fats provide
energy and protection for organisms
what 2 smaller molecules do fats contain
- Fatty acids (2 or more)
- Glycerol
*ex: a triglyceride contains 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains
how are fats formed
dehydration synthesis
Saturated Fatty Acid
Contains no carbon-carbon double bonds
Unsaturated Fatty Acid
contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond
what are fatty acids
monomers of fats
what are the functions of fats
-Fats provide long-term energy storage for organisms
-Fats can provide protection and insulation (help with homeostasis)
what are phospholipids made of
-Glycerol
-Phosphate group
-2 Fatty acid tails: 1 unsaturated, 1 saturated
-Polar and non-polar regions
what are phospholipids major components of
cell membranes
what are proteins
polymers made up of amino acids
what cell functions do proteins contribute to
-cell structural support
-cell storage
-cell transport
-cell to cell signaling/communication
-cellular movement
-defense
-biochemical processes - catalysts
-Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions
what is the C-N covalent bond
peptide bond
what elements do proteins contain
C,H,O,N,(S)
how are peptide bonds formed
dehydration synthesis
what builds proteins
amino acids
how many amino acids are there
20
what differentiates between amino acids
each R group side chain is chemically unique
how many levels of protein structure are there
4
*primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
1°-Primary protein structure
Dependent on the order of the amino acids.
They join together covalently to form a polypeptide chain.
2°-Secondary protein structure
Repeated folding due to hydrogen bonding between amine and carboxyl groups of non-adjacent amino acids
-Formation of α-helices and β-sheets
3°-Tertiary protein structure
-Coiling and folding to create a complex 3D shape
-Interactions between R-groups: hydrogen bonding, disulfide bridges, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions
-Contributes to unique function of the protein
4°-Quaternary protein structure
-Multiple polypeptide chains form larger protein complex, held together by a variety of bonds
what is protein function dependent on
the presence of specific amino acids and their interactions.
what do nucleic acids make
DNA and RNA
what are nucleic acids
polymers consisting of monomers called nucleotides
what elements do nucleic acids contain
C,H,O,N, P
what stores and expresses genetic information
nucleic acids
what are nucleotides made of
-A pentose sugar
-A phosphate group
-A nitrogenous base (A,T,C, or G)
how do nucleotides join together
dehydration synthesis
Nucleotides stack to form…
helices and build polymers of DNA or RNA
when nucleotides stack together, their polymers build…
deoxyribonucleic (DNA) acid or ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Biological structures and catalysts
proteins
Biological energy storage and structural components
carbohydrates and lipids
what are the six most common elements contained in biological organisms
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur
‘CHONPS’
