Cell Modification

Question 1

As basic units of life, cells have some forms of adaptations that are manifested as what?

Answer 1

Cell modifications

Question 2

Some cell modifications that are only present on the __ ___ of epithelial cells

Answer 2

apical surface

Question 3

Apical Cell modification

Answer 3

Microvilli, Cilia, stereocilia, flagella

Question 4

Are extensions of the cell membrane that appear as hair-like apical protrusions. Have excellent absorptive properties. Usually present in epithelial tissues that function for absorption, such as those in the intestines

Answer 4

Microvilli

Question 5

Are hair-like projections in the apical surface of columnar epithelial cells. Longer than microvilli. For the sweeping of mucus and dirt from the respiratory tract. In the fallopian tubes, these are important in the movement of egg cells from the ovary to the respiratory tract

Answer 5

Cilia

Question 6

Two types of cilia

Answer 6

Nonmotile cilia, Motile cilia

Question 7

Most commonly found on mammalian cells. Are essential in signaling and in detecting stimuli

Answer 7

Nonmotile cilia

Question 8

Are usually present in groups and move in a coordinated manner. Important in the movement of substances

Answer 8

Motile cilia

Question 9

are similar to microvilli and cilia but are longer nonmotile. Found on the epididymis’ epithelial cells. Help absorb and secrete molecules by increasing the cell’s surface area. Also present in the inner ear.

Answer 9

Stereocilia

Question 10

Hair cells in the ____ have stereocilia that are important in the reception of sound and its transformation into electrical signal. In this case, stereocilia have a sensory function

Answer 10

Cochlea

Question 11

Are much longer than cilia and usually occur only in singles on every cell surface. Move in a wavelike motion. Most common example is a sperm cell. Some species of bacteria and protists also possess one or two of this

Answer 11

Flagella

Question 12

Are present along the lateral and basal surfaces of the cells.

Answer 12

Lateral and Basal cell modifications

Question 13

Multi-protein complexes that serve as connections between cell or as connections between cell or as connection between cells and their extracellular matrix

Answer 13

Cellular junctions

Question 14

Types of Cellular Junctions

Answer 14

Tight Junction, Gap Junction, Adherens Junction, Desmosomes

Question 15

Also known as occluding junctions. Found in the lateral sides of cells. They prevent the leakage of water, solute molecules, or ions. Lining of the intestinal walls and kidney contain these

Answer 15

Tight junction

Question 16

Are tunnel-like intercellular junctions that connect the cytoplasm of two adjacent cells. Allow the cells to exchange signaling molecules easily. Allow cell to communicate. Commonly found in neurons

Answer 16

Gap junctions

Question 17

Connect the cytoskeleton of two adjacent cells. Maintaining cell-to-cell adhesion and structural integrity. During embryonic development, these junctions are assembled and re-assembled to transform into more advanced cell types

Answer 17

Adherens Junction

Question 18

Connect the cytoskeleton of two adjacent cells. They are tough cell junctions and are present in tissues that experience mechanical stress, like cardiac muscle tissues

Answer 18

Desmosomes

Question 19

Similar to desmosomes. But unlike desmosomes, they adhere cells to the extracellular matrix. These junctions are present in the upper respiratory tract as well as the intestines

Answer 19

Hemidesmosomes

Question 20

Are finger-like extensions of the cell membrane and cytoplasm. They are neither apical nor basal modifications. These structures appear as arm-like projections that function for ingestion and movement. Are common in protozoan cells like amoebas

Answer 20

Pseudopods