Cell Division Flashcards
Cell division is their way to produce new individuals.
Unicellular organisms
Cell division serves many purposes in these organisms. It can be used for growth and development, production of gametes or sex cells, or repair tissues and organs
Multicellular organisms
Is the life cycle of a cell. It is a series of events that involve cell growth and cell division
Cell cycle
Cell cycle has two main parts, what are those?
Interphase and the M Phase
The first part of the cell cycle. It is longer than the M phase. It is considered a resting stage between cell divisions
Interphase
Interphase stages
Gap 1, Synthesis Phase, Gap 2
The first stage of interphase. In this stage, the cell continues to grow. It is very active in synthesizing proteins, RNAs, and other biomolecules necessary for cell division. It also produces enough energy for the next steps of the cell cycle
Gap 1 phase
The second phase of interphase. DNA synthesis or replication happens. This results in the formation of two identical copies of the chromosomes called sister chromatids
Synthesis phase
Two identical copies of the chromosomes
Sister chromatids
These single chromatids are joined together by what
Single centromere
Also get duplicated during the synthesis phase. Consist of two centrioles that produce spindle fibers
Centrosomes
The last stage of the interphase. The cell duplicates some of its organelles. The cell also stores a lot of energy and synthesizes necessary proteins for cell division. The cell grows even further during this stage
Gap 2 Phase
In this stage, the cell ceases growth and protein production. Instead, now focuses on dividing
M Phase
The M phase can either be what and what
Mitosis or Meiosis
M phase may only take how many hours
2 to 4 hours
Interphase may range from how many hours
12 to 24 hours
After the M Phase, the cell will have two sets of nuclei, chromosomes, and other organelles. For the daughter cells to completely separate, they must undergo a process known as what?
Cytokinesis
This is the process by which the cytoplasm of the original cell is divided and distributed to the two daughter cells.
Cytokinesis
The nucleus also undergoes division called what
Karyokinesis
In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs through the formation of ?
Cleavage furrow
In plant cells, cytokinesis occurs through the emergence of a ?
Cell plate
In this phase the cells become inactive. Some cells will proceed to cell division if there are signals telling them to do so
Gap 0 Phase
It will only take around __ to __ days depending on the cell type and age
One to two
In the case of ____, the daughter cells should duplicate of their parent cells. These defects or errors may result in the formation of abnormal cells
Mitosis
Is responsible for checking all the necessary conditions needed for cell division. Also known as the restriction point, it is responsible for determining if the cell is ready to proceed to cell division
G1 Checkpoint
It happens after the G2 phase. It also assesses the proteins and energy reserves. Its primary responsibility is to check that all chromosomes were replicated correctly with no damages
G2 Checkpoint
It happens immediately after the end of metaphase in the M phase. It verifies whether all chromosomes are attached to the right spindle fibers
M checkpoint
Is tightly-packed DNA molecule found in the nucleus. It appears as thread-like chromatin during interphase
Chromosome
Are threads of nucleosomes, which are DNA molecules wrapped around proteins known as histones
Chromatins
Genetic material or a macromolecule comprising of DNA, RNA, proteins
Chromatin
Refers to the number of sets of chromosomes it has.
Ploidy level of a cell
Those that have two sets of chromosomes
Diploid
Those that have one set of chromosomes
Monoploid
Is a cell that contains half the set of chromosomes of a diploid organisms.
Haploid
All body cells or somatic cells are
diploid
sex cells or gametes are
haploid
two types of chromosomes
autosomes and sex chromosomes
also known as the body chromosomes. are present in all cells of both males and females of an organism
autosomes
are those chromosomes that differ in each biological sex.
sex chromosomes
Humans have how many pairs of autosomes
22
Humans have how many pairs of sex chromosome
1
Humans have how many chromosomes overall?
46
Cells with a complete set of chromosomes
Euploid
Cells that have missing or excess chromosomes.
Aneuploid
The two copies of a particular chromosome. It can be seen through a karyotype.
Homologous Chromosome
Is an image that shows all of a specific individual’s chromosomes
Karyotype
