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Pathology > Cell Injury and Healing > Flashcards

Cell Injury and Healing Flashcards

1
Q

Aetiology

A

The cause of disease (eg smoking)

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2
Q

Pathogenesis

A

The mechanism causing the disease (eg. genetic alteration)

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3
Q

Pathology

A

Molecular and morphological consequences of disease (eg. lung tumour)

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4
Q

Clinical manifestation

A

Signs and symptoms (eg breathlessness)

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5
Q

Complications

A

Secondary systemic or remote consequence of disease (eg metastasis)

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6
Q

Prognosis

A

The anticipated course of the disease (what happens next)

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7
Q

Epidiemiology

A

Incidence, prevalence and distribution, we look at how the disease affects the community

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8
Q

Pathogenesis of cell injury- general

A
  • Reduced ATP synthesis/mitochondrial damage
  • Loss of calcium homeostasis
  • Disrupted membrane permeability
  • Free radicals
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9
Q

Hypoxia

A 
Ischaemia, inadequate oxygen supply
-Local, eg. embolus
-Systemic, eg. cardiac failure
Hypoxaemia, an abnormally low level of oxygen in the blood
-Oxygen problems, eg altitude
-Haemoglobin problems, eg anaemia
Oxidative phosphorylation- an effect on the chain by something
-Cyanide (or other) poisoning
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10
Q

Effects of ROS

A

Lipid peroxidation, protein modifications, DNA damage

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11
Q

Principal structural targets for cell damage

A 
Mitochondrial damage
-decr. ATP
-Incr ROS
Entry of Ca
-Incr Mitochondrial permeability, activation of multiple cellular enzymes
Membrane damage
-plasma-loss of cellular components
-lysosomal- digestion of cellular components
-Protein misfolding
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12
Q

Heat shock response genes

A

Expression up-regulated with stress, clean up damaged proteins. Can pre-stress tissues and organs, improve organ transplantation

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13
Q

Pyknosis

A

Irreversible condensation of chromatin in the nucleus of a cell

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14
Q

Karyorrhexis

A

Fragmentation of the nucleus

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15
Q

Karyolysis

A

Complete dissolution of the chromatin of a dying cell

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16
Q

Abnormal accumulations in cell death

A

Lipids, proteins

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17
Q

Coagulative necrosis

A
  • Basic shape of tissue remains
  • Most common in ischaemia
  • Dead cells usually replaced by scar (fibrosis)
18
Q

Liquefactive necrosis

A
  • Complete dissolution of necrotic tissue
  • Commonly because of massive infiltration of neutrophils (abscess formation)
  • Ischaemia in brain
19
Q

Caseous necrosis

A

Amorphous debris within an area of necrosis
-tissue architecture abolished, viable cells unrecognizable
-Tuberculosis, some fungal infections
ADD PICTURE FROM SLIDE

20
Q

Infarction

A

Area of ischaemic necrosis in a tissue or organ

  • White
  • Red/hemorrhagic
21
Q

Scarring

A

Injured tissue is replaced through regeneration of surviving cells and filling of residual defects with connective tissue-scars can be temporary (collagen rich, part of repair) or permanent (fibrotic)

22
Q

Cells in healing

A

Fibroblasts
Endothelial cells
Epithelial cells
Osteoblasts

23
Q

Fibroblasts

A

A cell in connective tissue which produces collagen and other fibres.

24
Q

Growth factors- function

A
  • stimulate cell division and proliferation
  • cell migration
  • promote cell survival
25
Q

Main growth factors

A

Epidermal growth factor
Transforming growth factor
Platelet-derived growth factor
Fibroblast growth factor

26
Q

Action at receptors with intrinsic kinase activity

A
  • receptors exist as monomers
  • GFs bind
  • dimerisation
  • autophosphorylation @ a.a
  • activation of kinase activity
  • Phosphorylate/activate cytoplasmic proteins
  • proliferation
27
Q

EGF/TGF -about

A
  • from macrophages, platelets, epithelia and found in tissue fluids and secretions (eg sweat)
  • mitogenic for epithelial cells and fibroblasts
28
Q

PDGF- about

A
  • from a family with 3 isoforms from: platelets, macrophages, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, tumour cells
  • proliferation and migration of fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, monocytes. Proinflammatory
29
Q

FGFs

A
  • family with more than 10 types, acidic and basic ones most studied
  • from macrophages, T-cells, endothelial cells, and fibrobalsts
  • angiogenesis and migration during wound repair
  • development- skeletal muscle and lung
  • haemopoiesis
30
Q

HGF -about

A
  • from fibroblasts, endothelial cells, liver, non-parenchymal cells
  • mitogenic for epithelial cells- liver, bile, duct, llung, breast, skin
  • also causes cell migration
  • required for survival during embryogenesis
31
Q

VEGF-about

A
  • vascular endothelial
  • family-from fibroblasts and endothelial cells
  • induces blood vessel formation
  • binds to receptor on endothelial cells
32
Q

Define extracellular matrix

A

Macromolecules outside cells, formed by local secretion and assembled into network surrounding cells. Scaffold between tissues.

33
Q

Functions of ECM

A
  • Resevoir for growth factors
  • Scaffolding within which cells adhere, migrate and proliferate
  • Sequester H20 for turgor; minerals for rigidity.
34
Q

Components of the ECM

A
  • Fibrous structural proteins, eg, collagen, elastins.
  • Gelatinous-like molecules,eg proteoglycans, hyaluronan
  • Adhesive glycoproteins, eg fibronectin, laminin
35
Q

Types of ECM

A
  • Basement membane. Associated with cell surfaces (epithelial and mesenchymal)
  • Interstitial matrix, aka stroma. Spaces between epithelial, endothelial and smooth muscle cells and in connective tissue.
36
Q

Marfan syndrome

A

Connective tissue disorder, affecting gene encoding Fibrillin-1. Tall stature, long limbs. Defects in aorta and heart valves, llungs, eyes, skeleton. Increased prevalence of chronic inflammatory disease

37
Q

Proteoglycan

A
  • core protein + polysaccharide
  • polysaccharides -ve charge, occupy large volume, hydrophilic
  • in all ECM, on cell surfaces, in biological fluids
  • diverse
  • regulate connective tissue structure and permeability
  • modulate cell growth and differentiation
38
Q

Fibroplasia

A

Formation of new connective tissue.

  • Scar production after skin wound or to replace necrotic tissue.
  • Fibrosis
39
Q

Role of ECM in angiogenesis

A

Motility and directed migration of endothelial cells.

  • Integrins, formation and maintenance of newly formed vessels
  • Matricellular proteins, eg thrombospondin, destabilise cell matrix interactions
  • proteinases, eg plasminogen activator. Tissue remodelling- release growth factors and inhibitors from storage
40
Q

Fibrosis

A

Any abnormal deposition of connective tissue- occurs in chronic disease/inflammation

41
Q

Examples of fibrosis

A
  • cirrhosis
  • rheumatoid arthritis
  • chronic obstructive lung disease
  • chronic glomeronephritis

Pathology (23 decks)

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