Autoimmunity Flashcards

1
Q

Mechanisms of tolerance

A
  • Clonal deletion
  • Clonal anergy
  • Clonal ignorance
  • Regulation
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2
Q

Clonal deletion

A
  • Deletion of self reactive lymphocytes

- Apoptosis

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3
Q

Clonal anergy

A
  • Silencing of self reactive lymphocytes
  • Clone present but unable to respond
  • Because, no co-stimulatory molecules, or a lower binding specificity- doesn’t bind properly
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4
Q

Clonal ignorance

A
  • Self reactive lymphocytes don;t have the opportunity to see/respond to antigen
  • Antigen segregation
  • eg, we may have T cell receptors for brain antigens, but its on an issue because immune cells don’t go into the brain unless there’s an injury
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5
Q

Regulation

A

-Active suppression of antigen-specific lymphocytes

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6
Q

Genes that predispose to autoimmunity- affect immune regulation and self tolerance

A
  • Autoantigen availability and clearance
  • Apoptosis (if we expose antigens that are usually inside the cells)
  • Control of lymphocyte activation
  • AIRE (autoimmune regulator), responsible for presentation of peripheral tissue antigens in the thymus
  • Some associated with HLA locus
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7
Q

General features of autoimmune diseases

A
  • Tend to be chronic- relapses and remissions, damage often progressive. Intrinsic amplificatoin loops- when directed against self tissues, they exacerbate and prolong the injury or epitope spreading- immune response against one self antigen causes tissue damage
  • Clinical and pathology determined by nature of the underlying immune response
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8
Q

Organ specific autoimmune disease

A
Confined to particular organs or cell types
-Thyroid
Ovary
-Islet cells (T1 diabetes)
-Gastric parietal cell
-Neurologicakk
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9
Q

Systemic autoimmune disease

A

-Multiple organs and systems

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10
Q

Pathogenic autoantibodies

A
  • Key autoantibodies assocaiated with autoimmune diseases
  • Non-organ specific
  • Ani-DNA antibodies: SLE
  • Anti-cytoskeleton antibodies
  • Organ-specific
  • Anti-glomerular basement membrane: SLE, Goodpasture’s syndrome
  • Anti-thyroglobulin antibodies: thyoiditis
  • Anti-myelin basic protein: MS
  • Anti-mitochondrial antibodies: primary biliary cirrhosis
  • anti- beta cell molecules: type 1 diabetes
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11
Q

Pathogenic autoantibodies

A
  • Key autoantibodies assocaiated with autoimmune diseases
  • Non-organ specific
  • Ani-DNA antibodies: SLE
  • Anti-cytoskeleton antibodies
  • Organ-specific
  • Anti-glomerular basement membrane: SLE, Goodpasture’s syndrome
  • Anti-thyroglobulin antibodies: thyoiditis
  • Anti-myelin basic protein: MS
  • Anti-mitochondrial antibodies: primary biliary cirrhosis
  • anti- beta cell molecules: type 1 diabetes
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