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CMBM exam 3 > Cell injury and death > Flashcards

Cell injury and death Flashcards

0
Q

Common causes of reversible cellular injury

A

Trauma - concussion, frost bite
Hypoxia
Ischemia

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1
Q

Hypoxia

A

decreased availability of oxygen - pneumonia or CO
loss of oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
Loss RBCs anemia
Brain (neurons) most sensitive

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2
Q

Ischemia

A

insufficient blood supply
absence of oxygen AND nutrients
occlusion of an artery or vein

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3
Q

common causes of irreversible cell injury

A 
hypoxia - brain cells 
Ischemia - cardiac cells 
Physical agents - trauma 
Chemical agents - drug 
infectious agents 
immunologic reactions 
genetic disease 
nutritional disorders
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4
Q

Apoptosis

A

cell has internal signal for death
programmed cell death
clean way to die and remove cell
No inflammation - prevents damage to adjacent cells

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5
Q

Where is apoptosis commonly seen?

A 
embryogenesis 
hormone induced changes 
mild trauma or injury removing nonfunctional cells 
chemo & radiotherapy - Neurons more resistant 
Immune reactions 
Atrophy 
Graft vs host disease 
some viral diseases
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7
Q

Events of Apoptosis

A 
cell becomes densely eosinophilic 
shrinks with pyknosis of nucleus 
cytoplasmic blebs 
phagocytosis of apoptoic bodies 
cell fragments
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8
Q

What is the definition of pathology?

A

The study of disease

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9
Q

What does it mean when a cell experiences hyperplasia?

A

Increase in the number of cells in any organ tissue

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10
Q

What are the etiological reasons for cells to undergo hyperplasia?

A

Physiologic - hormone induced
Compensatory - callus formation
Pathologic - viral infection causing warts

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11
Q

What does it mean when a cell undergoes hypertrophy?

A

Increase size of the cell or organ

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12
Q

What is the parthenogenesis of hypertrophy?

A 
Increased functional demand (running)
Hormonal stimulation (thyroxin)
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13
Q

What does it mean when a cell experiences atrophy?

A

Shrinkage in the size of the cell by loss of structural components

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14
Q

What could cause a cell to enter an atrophic state?

A 
Dec workload
Loss of innervation
Diminished blood supply
Inadequate nutrition 
Loss of endocrine stimulation
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15
Q

What does it mean when a cell undergoes metaplasia?

A

Reversible change in which one adult epithelial cell type is replaced by another adult type epithelium

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16
Q

What could happen if there was a pathologic and prolonged irritation causing metaplasia?

A

Dysplasia which can lead to Cancer (squamous cell)

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17
Q

What does it mean when a cell experiences dysplasia?

A

Epithelial or mesenchymal cells that have undergone metaplasia then atypical cytogical alterations involving cell size, shape and orientation

18
Q

What can dysplasia lead to?

A

Cancer (a neoplasia/uncontrolled growth)

19
Q

What is the chaperone ubiquitin-protease?

A

An intracellular accumulant which causes the cells to obtain a yellow tinge with aging

20
Q

What is antracosis?

A

Carbon pigment in the lung

inc in smokers

21
Q

What are some example of intracellular accumulations?

A 
Lipofuscin
Melanin
Iron
Calcium
Fat
Bilirubin
22
Q

What is lipofuscin?

A

A yellow pigment that occurs both physiologically and pathologically that is left over from the breakdown and absorption of damaged blood cells
Likes the heart

23
Q

What causes an increase in melanin?

A

Tanning

24
Q

What does a bruise turn brown?

A

Due to iron deposition and hemosiderin

25
Q

What could cause an accumulation of bilirubin?

A 
Bile duct occulsion
Alcoholism
Drugs
Hemolytic anemia
Pancreatic tumors
26
Q

What are the functions to regulate cell populations due to apoptosis?

A 
Calcium sensitive endonuclease leading to pyknosis
Transgluaminase activity causing cytoplasmic shrinkage by cross linking proteins 
Gene activation (bcl-2, c-myc, p53)
27
Q

What are the four factors that could lead to apoptosis?

A

Injury from radiation, toxins and free radicals
Withdrawal of growth factors
Receptor ligand interactions
Cytotoxic T cells

28
Q

What are the steps to apoptosis?

A 
Intrinsic embryogenic e
Execute caspases 
Catabolism of cytoskeleton 
Apoptotic body with ligand receptors 
Ingested by macrophage
29
Q

What is nuclear pyknosis?

A

Ink-dot appearance that represents the first light microscopic evidence of cell death

30
Q

What is the normal pathway for apoptosis when viewed in a light microscope?

A

Pyknosis > karyorrhexis (fragments) > karyolysis (full breakdown)

31
Q

How is aging death by apoptosis?

A

Sub lethal cellular injury
Programmed genetically by chromosome 1 induced telmoric shortening
Limited number of cell division due to telomeres
Renegade cells (cancer)

32
Q

What are the 4 forms of necrosis?

A

Coagulation, liquid, caseous and fat

33
Q

What does coagulative tissue look like?

A

Looks like the tissue was boiled
Outline of cell preserved
Seen in hypoxic death (except brain)
Anucleate eosinophils

34
Q

What are the best examples of coagulative necrosis?

A

Kidney and myocardium

35
Q

What characterizes liquefactive necrosis?

A

Progressive degradation of cell by enzymes and denaturation of proteins either by autolysis or heterolysis
Seen with fungal/bacterial infections

36
Q

Where is liquefactive necrosis often seen?

A

The brain

37
Q

What is fat necrosis?

A

Saponification of fat cells with calcification due to enzymatic breakdown of lipases
Dystropic calcification

38
Q

Where does fat necrosis tend to occur?

A

Breast and liver

Can be seen along with cancer

39
Q

How is caseous necrosis characterized?

A

Distinct pattern of centralized amorphous debris and surrounding granulomas

40
Q

What is gangrenous necrosis?

A

Not a distinct pattern and happens to hypoxic limbs

Combo of coagulative (dry) and liquefactive necrosis

41
Q

What is fibrinoid necrosis?

A

Accumulation of amorphous, basic, proteinaceous material in the tissue matrix that stains like fibrin

CMBM exam 3 (24 decks)

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