Cell injury, Adaptation, Death Flashcards
1
Q
Protein in hemidesmosome junction
A
desmopenetrin
2
Q
Protein in desmosome junction
A
desmoglein
3
Q
Protein in gap junction
A
connexon
4
Q
protein in adherens junction (2)
A
Cadherin, vinculin
5
Q
Intermediate filaments are involved in which two types of cellular junctions
A
hemidesmosome, desmosome
6
Q
actin filaments are involved in which two types of cellular junctions
A
adherens junctions, tight junctions
7
Q
which signaling pathway determines whether or not enteric stem cells differentiate into cells with secretory or absorptive functions?
A
Notch signaling
8
Q
organelle specializing in the beta oxidation of fatty acids?
A
Peroxisome
9
Q
component of the cytoskeleton that gives a cell physical strength and shape
A
intermediate filaments
10
Q
Is detachment of ribosomes from the ER a sign of reversible or irreversible cellular injury?
A
reversible
11
Q
are myelin figures a sign of reversible or irreversible cellular injury?
A
reversible
12
Q
is loss of microvilli a sign of reversible or irreversible cellular injury?
A
reversible
13
Q
An extreme brachycephalic phenotype is associated with a mis-sense mutation in which gene?
A
BMP3
14
Q
Which component of the MAC gives it lipophilic properties?
A
C7
15
Q
What molecule inhibits formation of the MAC?
A
CD59
16
Q
amorphous densities in the mitochondria are an example of irreversible or reversible cellular injury?
A
irreversible
17
Q
What is the fundamental mechanism of oncotic necrosis?
A
cell swelling from loss of volume control
18
Q
The MPT pore is a component of which type of cell death?
A
oncotic necrosis, MPT driven necrosis
19
Q
Ischemia reperfusion injury involves which type of cell death?
A
necrosis/necroptosis
20
Q
What is the major mediator of cell death through plasma membrane permeabilization?
A
MLKL
21
Q
Cyclophillin D is a component of which type of RCD?
A
MPT-necrosis
22
Q
which form of cell death is triggered by lipid peroxidation
A
ferroptosis
23
Q
Aspiration pneumonia can cause which type of necrosis in the lung?
A
Gangrenous (wet)
24
Q
staphylococcus in the mammary gland can cause which type of necrosis?
A
Gangrenous (wet)
25
saddle thrombus in cats can cause which type of necrosis?
Gangrenous (dry)
26
fescue foot in cattle is what form of necrosis?
Gangrenous (dry)
27
Nutritional fat necrosis (steatitis) can be caused by which vitamin deficiency?
Vitamin E
28
Canine distemper virus is an RNA virus but can sometimes produce intra-nuclear inclusions. Which proteins are attributed to this phenomenon?
Heat shock proteins
29
intranuclear inclusions in renal tubular cells is a sign of what heavy metal toxicity?
Lead
30
Which is sensitive to potassium permanganate, AL or AA amyloid?
AA
31
4 cytokines released by leukocytes that induce proliferation of fibroblasts?
IL4, IL5, IL13, TGF-b
32
Which type of liver cell is the major contributor to fibrosis in the liver?
Stellate
33
White muscle disease from vitamin E and selenium deficiency is a form of which type of calcification?
Dystrophic
34
What is the main target of metastatic calcification
tunica intima and tunica media of vessels
35
ingestion of Cestrum diurnum results in which kind of toxicosis?
Vitamin D --> high calcium --> metastatic calcification
36
Tyrosinase is a copper containing enzyme involved in the synthesis of what pigment?
Melanin
37
Ceroid accumulation in the tunica muscularis of the small intestine can occur as a result of which vitamin deficiency?
Vitamin E
38
Ingestion of sorghum and prunus spp. can lead to which toxicity?
Cyanide
39
Which toxin can convert Hbg to MetHgb?
Nitrates
40
What pigment accounts for the blackening of tracks made by liver flukes?
Hematin
41
Molecule that binds free iron and stores it for future use?
Ferritin
42
What proteins protect telomeric DNA from inappropriate repair?
Shelterin complex
43
Which part of telomerase is a reverse transcriptase?
TERT
44
Over-expression of B-galactosidase or, p16 are associated with a cell in what state?
Senescence (SASP)
45
What effect does p53 have on the SASP?
blocks it
46
p38, PKC, ROS all promote which cellular phenotype?
SASP
47
Polycystic kidney disease, osteogenesis imperfecta, chondrodysplasia have what pattern of inheritence?
Autosomal dominant
48
glycogen storage diseases have which pattern of inheritence?
Autosomal recessive
49
Duschenne's muscular dystrophy, agammaglobulinemia have which pattern of inheritence?
X-linked
50
What form of DNA repair is utilized by cells with inactive telomeres?
Non homologous end joining
51
what is an example of an x-chromosome monosomy condition in animals?
Turner syndrome
52
Nondisjunction during meiosis is a cause of which chromosomal abnormality
aneuploidy
53
Histone acetylation has what effect on transcription?
increased transcription
54
What effect do lncRNAs have on gene transcription?
can either suppress or activate
55
XIST is an example of which type of RNA?
lncRNA
56
where does autophagy occur?
lysosome
57
What is the substrate for phospholipase C in the reaction that generates 2nd messengers such as IP3 and diacylglycerol?
Phosphatidylinositol
58
Where on the plasma membrane are glycolipids and sphingomyelin located?
External
59
Which plasma membrane molecules participate in charge-based interactions?
Glycolipids and sphingomyelin
60
Where on the membrane is phosphatidylcholine located?
External
61
The core of primary cilia are formed by which type of cytoskeltal proteins?
microtubules
62
Which cytoskeletal protein gives the tensile strength to a cell?
Intermediate filaments
63
Which type of cell:cell junction creates a semi-occlusive barrier that restricts the movement of things between cells and also helps to maintain cell polarity?
tight junctions (occluding junctions)
64
Which type of cell to cell interaction permits the communication of signals from one cell to another?
Gap junctions
65
The unfolded protein response leads to an increase in which type of protein?
chaperone proteins
66
senescent organelles are tagged for autophagic destruction by which protein?
LC3
67
role of thermogenin or UPC-1?
uncouples substrate oxidation from ATP synthesis
68
receptor for most growth factors
receptor tyrosine kinases
69
receptor for most chemokines
GPCR
70
receptor for histamine
GPCR
71
receptor for cytokines
non receptor tyrosine kinase
72
Stimulates epithelial migration and formation of granulation tissue
EGF
73
stimulates proliferation of hepatocytes and other epithelial cells
TGF-a
74
enhances proliferation of hepatocytes and other epithelial cells AND increases cell motility
HGF
75
stimulates proliferation of endothelial cells and increases vascular permeability
VEGF
76
Chemotactic for neutrophils, macrophages, smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts. Stimulates fibroblast proliferation and ECM protein synthesis
PDGF
77
Chemotactic and mitogenic for fibroblasts, stimulates angiogenesis and ECM protein synthesis
FGF
78
Chemotactic for leukocytes and fibroblasts, stimulates ECM protein synthesis, suppresses acute inflammation
TGF-b
79
Stimulates keratinocyte migration, proliferation, differentiation
KGF
80
Which two GFs are angiogenic?
VEGF-A and FGF
81
Which GFs are released by platelets?
PDGF, TGF-b
82
GF released by mast cells?
FGF
83
GF that acts as a morphogen in embryonic development?
HGF
84
Which VEGF is involved in embryonic vessel development?
VEGF-B
85
Which VEGF is involved in angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis?
VEGF-C and VEGF-D
86
which VEGF receptor is highly expressed in endothelium and is most important for angiogenesis?
VEGFR2
87
Three big inducers of VEGF
Hypoxia, PDGF, TGF-a
88
which GF phosphorylates SMAD?
TGF-b
89
ECM components that give it tensile strength and recoil?
Collagen and elastin
90
ECM components that give it resistance and lubrication?
proteoglycans and hyaluron
91
ECM components that connect elements together?
adhesive glycoproteins, fibronectin, laminin
92
what is the main non fibrillar collagen?
type IV
93
where in the cell does pro collagen get cleaved and cross linked?
extracellular space
94
Three components of the basement membrane
Type IV collagen, laminin, proteoglycan
95
Which cyclins are active in the S phase of the cell cycle?
CDK1/2 and Cyclin A
96
Which cyclin is essential for the G2-S transition?
CDK1 and Cyclin B
97
Which cyclin regulate the G1-S transition by phosphorylating Rb?
CDK4/6 and Cyclin D + CDK2 and Cyclin E
98
Which cyclin inhibitors inhibit CDK4/6?
p15, p16, p18, p19
99
are nuclear changes such as pyknosis, karyorrhexxis, and karyolysis indicative of necrosis or apoptosis?
Necrosis
100
What is the main component of myelin figures?
phospholipids
101
The unfolded protein response can lead to apoptosis via which pathway?
Intrinsic (mitochondrial)
102
Are smac/DIABLO antiapoptotic or pro apoptotic?
pro-apoptotic - neutralize IAPs
103
which complement system protein coats apoptotic bodies for removal?
C1q
104
what is the inhibitor of the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis?
FLIP
105
what is the inhibitor of the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis?
IAPs
106
which pathway of apoptosis eliminates self reactive lymphocytes and is a way for CTLs to kill cells?
extrinsic pathway
107
BMP is which type of growth factor?
TGF-b family
108
which form of cell death is involved in the formation of the mammalian bone growth plate, ischemia reperfusion injury, and neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinsons?
Necroptosis
109
Cytomegalovirus encodes caspase inhibitors - which is the backup mechanism for cell death?
necroptosis (caspase independent)
110
Mycobacteria, shigella, HSV-1 are degraded via which mechanism?
autophagy
111
Which free radical has the ability to destroy microbes and cells distant from the site of production?
H202
112
which free radical is generated during aerobic respiration and by leukocytes?
superoxide anion
113
inactivation of super oxide anion by SOD creates what?
hydrogen peroxide
114
which free radical is formed as a result of hydrolysis of h20 during ionizing radiation?
hydroxyl radical
115
what is the most reactive oxygen derived free radical responsible for damaging lipids, proteins, and DNA?
hydroxyl radical
116
which enzyme inactivates hydroxyl radical?
glutathione peroxidase
117
which free radical is produced during the fenton reaction?
hydroxyl radical
118
Which pathway is the most important in physiologic (exercise induced) hypertrophy?
PI3K/AKT
119
which pathway is the most important in pathologic hypertrophy?
GPCR pathways (TGFb, IGF, FGF)
120
GATA4 and MFAT are important transcription factors to which pathologic process?
hypertrophy
121
what effect does activation of the CDKN2A locus have on cellular senescence?
promotes senescence via p16 (INK4a) stopping cells from going through the G1-S transition.
122
deficiency of the chaperones of the heat shock protein family would have what effect on cellular aging?
promotes cellular aging
123
what are the functions of heat shock proteins?
help proteins fold and function properly
124
Rapamacyin promotes autophagy by inhibiting what?
mTOR
125
which growth factor is important in nutrient sensing pathway involving AKT and mTOR?
IGF-1
126
what effect do sirtuins have on longevity?
increases it
127
what effect does mTOR inhibition have on longevity?
increases it
128
What enzyme is involved in Base Excision Repair (BER)?
PARP2
129
During T-cell mediated apoptosis, which caspase is activated by Granzyme B?
Caspase 10
