Cell Injury 2 - Reversible

Question 1

What are main targets for cell injury (5)

Answer 1

Mitochondria = energy production

Membrane

Calcium homeostasis

ROS - oxidative damage

DNA damage

Question 2

First example of reversible injury

Answer 2

Hydropic change

= water into cell due to injury to mitochondria affecting energy dependent ion pumps

Na and water move into cell

Question 3

Hydropic change grossly

And microscopically

Answer 3

Enlarged
Turgid
Pale

Pale
Vaculated

Ballooning

Question 4

In extreme hydropic degeneration what would be seen

Answer 4

Disintegration of organelles

Question 5

What is second type of reversible injury mechanism

Answer 5

Fatty change

= lipid vacuoles in cell

Question 6

What cells are most associated with fatty change

Answer 6

Hepatocytes

Myocardial

Renal tubule

Question 7

What causes fatty change

Definition form

Answer 7

Hypoxic damage

Or

Metabolism/toxic injury

Question 8

What causes fatty change

Answer 8

Increased mobilisation of fat

• late pregnancy
• early lactation

Nutritional disorder
- obesity

Endocrine disease
- diabetes

= increased mobilisation/transport

Question 9

What cause fatty liver (4)

Answer 9

Excessive fat uptake

Decrease B-oxidation

Impaired incorporate to lipoprotein

Impaired release = accumulates

Question 10

Gross signs of fatty change

Answer 10

Enlarged

Greasy

Pale

Question 11

What are the 2 microscopic changes that may be seen with lipidosis

Answer 11

Macrovesicular

Microvesicular

Question 12

Macro vesicular

Answer 12

Single
Large
Round

Nucleus displaced

Question 13

Micro vesicular

Answer 13

Small
Round
Multiple

No displacement

More severe hepatocyte dysfunction

Toxins causing mitochondrial damage

Question 14

What is third type of injury that is seems due to metabolic problems

Answer 14

Glycogen accumulating

Question 15

What causes glycogen accumulation

Answer 15

Abnormal glucose or glycogen metabolism

Diabetes

G-6Pase problem

Hyperadrenocorticism

Question 16

What cells accumulate glycogen

Answer 16

Hepatocytea
Renal tubules

Beta cell (insulin) in pancreas

Question 17

Signs of glycogen accumulation

Answer 17

Hepatomegaly
Swelling
Hypoglycaemia

Hyperuricemia

Hypercholesterolaemia

Question 18

What ways can cells be injuries (8)

Answer 18

Lack of oxygen 
Physical - stress pressure 
Chemical - ROS 
Nutrient deficiency 
Genetic disarray 
Pathogens 
Ageing 
Immunological

Question 19

Another form of reversible change

Answer 19

Neurons chromatolysis

= destruction of autonomic ganglia

Question 20

Ca2+ cell injury steps

Answer 20

Ca2+

From;
Extracellular
Mitochondria
Smooth ER

Activates cellular enzymes; 
Protease 
Endoproteases 
Phospholipase
ATPase 

Effects;
ATP production

Cell damage

Question 21

ROS and free radical damage

Answer 21

DNA fragments

Protein and lipid peroxidation

Protein cross linking and fragmentation

Question 22

Causes of hypoxia (6)

Answer 22

Heart failure

Loss of blood

Anaemia

CO toxicity

Blockage

Question 23

Ischemia causes

Answer 23

Thrombus

Mechanical interference

Question 24

Effects of Ischemia

Answer 24

Affects mitochondria

Oxidative phosphorylation

Down ATP
Up lactic acid down oh

Detach ribosomes - down protein synthesis

Down Na pump
Swelling