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Module 4 > Cell Injury 1 - Adaptation > Flashcards

Cell Injury 1 - Adaptation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 cells of adaptation

A

Labile

Stable

Permanent

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2
Q

What are stable cells

A

Remodelling cells

Divide when needed

Hepatocytes
Myocytes

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3
Q

What is the lifespan like of labile cells

A

Short because of regeneration capacity

Gut epithelium

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4
Q

When do permanent cells divide

A

Only in foetal life

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5
Q

What happens to permanent cells if damaged

What is result

A

Are repaired

Loss of specialised function
E.g neurons

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6
Q

What causes hypertrophy

A

Growth factors and mechanical stress

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7
Q

When is hypertrophy observed physiologically (2)

A

Increase work load

Increase hormone

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8
Q

When is hypertrophy observed pathologically (3)

A

Increased resistance

Obstruction.

Hormone abnormal

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9
Q

4 cellular changes associated with hypertrophy

A

Increased membrane synthesis

Increased ATP demand

Increased enzyme activity

Increased myofilaments = contractile ability

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10
Q

What is limiting factor of hypertrophy

A

Need nutrients for protein synthesis

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11
Q

What are two cause of hypertrophy

A

Septal defect
= hole I heart
Left to right

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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12
Q

What cause cardiomyopathy

A

Mutation
G to C

In myosin binding protein

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13
Q

What is saddle thrombosis

A

When clot forms in ventricle but goes to aorta and blocks somewhere

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14
Q

Describe hyperthyroidism

A

Is an increase in hormones

Leads to enhanced adrenergic affinity or number of receptors in myocardium

Causes hypertrophy in response to increased oxygen demand

Hypertrophy of myocardium

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15
Q

What causes hepatocyte hypertrophy

A

Xenobiotic administration
= agent
Therapeutic
Environment

Causes increased enzyme activity

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16
Q

What is hyperplasia

Therefore what cells of adaptation are involved

A

Increase cell number

Labile

Stable cells

17
Q

What causes hyperplasia

A

Increased hormones

18
Q

Give an example of hyperplasia

A

Increased oestrogen stimulation

Or

Progesterone level stistained

Leads to pyometra

19
Q

What is atrophy

A

Decrease in cell and organ size

20
Q

At cellular level what is atrophy associated with

A

Decreased protein synthesis and breakdown of organelles

21
Q

Causes of atrophy

Physiologically (2)

A

Decreases hormones

  • mammary gland
  • uterus

Increased apoptosis

  • thymus. Ageing
  • stress
22
Q

Causes of atrophy

Pathological (5)

A
  1. Nutrient deficiency
    - portosystemic shunt
  2. Disuse
  3. Denervation
  4. Pressure - necrosis
  5. Loss of endocrine stimulation
23
Q

Malnutrition and atrophy

Discuss

A

Increased cytokines for catabolism

Temperal muscle in dogs used up as no far stores

24
Q

What does serous atrophy of fat suggest (6)

A 
Starvation
Malnutrition 
Malabsorption
Parasite 
Chronic infection

Neoplasia

25
Q

What does serous atrophy of fat look like

A

Nearly all depleted

Yellow gelatinous

26
Q

What is an example of immune mediated atrophy in dogs

A

Juvenile pancreatic atrophy

Cytotoxic T cells CD8+ attack tissue

27
Q

What is hypoplasia

A

Inadequate growth or development

28
Q

What is met aplasia

A

Replacement of adult cell type with another type

Often epithelium

29
Q

What is a common example of metaplasia

A

Cilliated epithelium to squamous

30
Q

Causes of metaplasia (4)

A

Persistent chemical/ mechanical injury

Chronic inflammation

Hormone stimulation

Vitamin A deficiency

31
Q

What is dysplasia

A

Disorderly arrangement of epithelium cells

32
Q

What is also observed in dysplasia (3)

A

Loss of differentiation

Of cell polarity

Features of atypia

33
Q

What are the 5 types of adaptation and what are the 3 classifications

A

Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia

= increased cellular activity

Atrophy
= decreased cellular activity

Metaplasia
Dysplasia
= change in cell type or position

Module 4 (5 decks)

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