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science > cell division + cycle > Flashcards

cell division + cycle Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

why did cells undergo cellular division

A
  1. to REPLACE dead/dying cells
  2. to produce more cells during organism GROWTH and DEVELOPMENT
  3. to REPRODUCE
  4. maintain SURFACE AREA fo VOLUME RATIO so cells nutritional, respiratory, excretory requirements are met
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2
Q

when a cell gets too large, chemicals such as carbon dioxide or oxygen, nutrients, waste, water:

A

move into or out of the cell fast enough

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3
Q

sexual reproduction requires

A

2 parents
make gamete: sperm
female gamete: egg

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4
Q

gamete:

A

reproductive cell, only have HALF THE CHROMOSOMES

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5
Q

fertilization= two gamete unite to form

A

zygote

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6
Q

sexual reproduction: the offers print resembles the patents due to:

A

receiving 23 chromosomes from each parent

= 46 total chromosomes

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7
Q

sexual reproduction occurs mostly in:

A

multicellular organisms

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8
Q

asexual reproduction requires: (think hera having hephaestus)

A

1 parent
parent cell divides into two identical daughter cells
genetic info duplicated before division

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9
Q

asexual reproduction occurs in:

A

both unicelllular and multicellular organisms

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10
Q

somatic cell:

A

any biological cell forming in body of multi cellular organism

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11
Q

each somatic cell in your body contains:

A

23 PAIRS of chromosomes, total 46

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12
Q

karyotype:

A

graphic representation of organisms chromosomes

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13
Q

two stages of cell division (eukaryotes)

A

mitosis (division of nucleus)

cytokinesis (division of everything else)

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14
Q

longest stage of the cell cycle

A

interphase

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15
Q

where do cells spend the majority of their life

A

interphase

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16
Q

three main parts of interphase

A

G1, S, G2

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17
Q

G1 phase (INTERPHASE):

A

cell spends most of functional life

perform specialized tasks (respiring, making new organelles, producing mitosis proteins)

18
Q

S phase:

A

DNA molecules are replicated

go from single stranded DNA (G1) to double stranded

19
Q

only ___ cells should enter mitosis

A

HEALTHY

20
Q

during the ____ phase, the cell continues to increase in size and prepare for cell division

A

G2

21
Q

what occurs during the G2 phase (interphase)

A
  • centrioles and other organelles continue to replicate

- more proteins and enzymes are synthesized

22
Q

mitosis EXACTLY duplicates the parent nucleus and produces:

A

2 daughter nuclei (same number of chromosomes as parents, same genetic info on those chromosomes as each other and parent)

23
Q

mitosis is composed of four phases: PMAT

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

24
Q

prophase: first phase of actual cell division

A
  1. chromatin condense
  2. centrioles separate and migrate to poles
  3. spindle divers extend toward centromeres
  4. nuclear membrane disintegrates, nucleolus disappears
25
Q

double chromosomes:

A

when chromatin condense and shorten in PROPHASE (phase 1 of cell division)

26
Q

Metaphase (2nd phase of cell division):

A
  1. chromosomes line up in pairs at equatorial plate

centromere of each chromosome is attached to a separate spindle fiber

27
Q

equatorial plate:

A

center of cell

28
Q

Anaphase (3rd phase of cell division):

A
  1. spindle fibers shorten, chromatids pull apart at centromere
  2. after sister chromatids separate, they become daughter chromosomes
  3. chromosomes pull toward opposite piles and spindle fibers shorten
29
Q

Telophase (4th phase of cell division):

A
  1. cleavage furrow forms between two cells and spindle fibers disappear
  2. nuclear membrane forms, plus two new nuclei
  3. chromosomes stretch out and aren’t visible
  4. nucleolus forks within nuclei
30
Q

final step in cell division:

A

division of the nucleus

31
Q

steps of cytokinesis:

A

daughter cells formed are now in interphase, total of 46 chromosomes
occurs after mitosis

32
Q

tumours are basically uncontrolled ___

A

mitosis

33
Q

chromatin vs chromosome vs chromatid

A

tin: chain of DNA, forms a chromosome
some: rolled up DNA going thru cell division
(sister) tid: branches of same

34
Q

prophase (key point)

A

parent cell chromosomes condense

35
Q

metaphase (key point)

A

chromosomes line up

36
Q

anaphase (key point)

A

paired chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of cell

37
Q

telophase (key point)

A

cleavage furrow splits the cytoplasm

38
Q

paired chromosomes are also known as

A

daughter chromatids

39
Q

if the cells in a cell cycle diagram are round, they are:

A

animal cells

40
Q

what would happen if a cell had faulty spindle fibers

A

they wouldn’t attach to centromere and pull sister chromatids apart.

41
Q

what would happen if cytokinesis was skipped

A

each cell would have two nuclei.

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