biology quiz 1 Flashcards
1
Q
biology is the science that deals with:
A
study of life AND the Structure, Function, Growth of organisms
2
Q
seven characteristics of living things
FRRWRGL
A
- require FOOD for energy
- RESPIRE
- RESPOND to environment
- produce WASTE
- REPAIR themselves
- GROW and REPRODUCE
- limited LIFESPAN
3
Q
basic structural and functional unit of all living things:
A
cells
4
Q
what necessities do cells contain:
A
water, nutrients, oxygen
5
Q
two main types of cells
A
prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) and Eukaryotes (protists, PLANTS, ANIMALS)
6
Q
what type of cells are ALWAYS single celled
A
prokaryotic
7
Q
what type of cell DNA is linear
A
eukaryotic (plants and animal cells)
8
Q
eukaryotic cells are multi cellular AND:
A
single cellular
9
Q
prokaryotic cells have NO:
A
nucleus or any membrane bound organelles
10
Q
eukaryotic cells always have nucleus AND
A
other membrane BOUND organelles
11
Q
prokaryotic cells are ___ than eukaryotic cells
A
smaller
12
Q
if a cell is >10um, it is
A
eukaryotic
13
Q
the cell theory:
A
all living things are made up of 1+ cells
14
Q
according to the cell theory, how do cells arise
A
from pre existing cells
15
Q
hereditary information is passed on from:
A
cell to cell
16
Q
all cells have the same
A
basic chemical composition
17
Q
ANIMAL: cell membrane:
A
protective barrier around cell
composed of double layer lipids
semi permeable
regulates passage
18
Q
ANIMAL: cytoplasm:
A
everything between cell membrane and nuclear membrane
19
Q
ANIMAL: cytosol:
A
jelly substance that surrounds organelles, contains water salt and proteins
20
Q
ANIMAL: cytoskeleton:
A
basic structure of cell made of protein filaments
21
Q
ANIMAL: nuclear membrane:
A
surrounds NUCLEUS, made of two porous layers for stuff to pass thru
22
Q
ANIMAL: nucleus
A
control centre
directs cellular activities
has chromosomes
23
Q
ANIMAL: nucleolus
A
inside nucleus
manufactures ribosomes
visible when cell isn’t dividing
24
Q
ANIMAL: chromosomes
A
units where genetic info is stored
DNA, proteins
25
human cell has __ chromosomes
46
26
sperm has ___ chromosomes
23
27
ANIMAL: gene:
portion of chromosome that codes a trait
28
ANIMAL: chromatin:
long, uncoiled, threadlike strands of DNA
29
ANIMAL: centriole: rigatoni lookin things
work in cell division and organization
| lie at right angles of each other
30
ANIMAL: mitochondrion
POWERHOUSE of the cell lmao
double layered sausage thing
produces ATP, chemical energy, that fuels cell activities by cellular respiration
31
ANIMAL: endoplasmic reticulum
ROUGH: TRANSPORT SYSTEM within cell
interconnected lil tubes from nuclear membrane to cell membrane
makes and transports materials (proteins n fats) thru cell
32
each cell contains thousands of __
ribosomes (ANIMAL)
33
ANIMAL: ribosomes: (so skinny u can see their ribs)
MAKE PROTEINS
embedded in rough endoplasmic reticulum or dispersed in cytoplasm
make up a quarter of cell mass
34
ANIMAL: golgi bodies: (amazon prep bros)
membrane structures near nucleus
made of sac layers
receive proteins from endoplasmic reticulum
MODIFY, PACKAGE proteins for delivery thru and out cell
35
ANIMAL: lysosome:
SUICIDE SACS-
membrane bags containing ENZYMES (for digestion)
help recycle organelles, cell destruction, fight infection
36
ANIMAL: VACuoles:
sacs for storage of water, minerals, waste
37
ANIMAL: VESicles: (like amazon delivery VEHICLES)
transport proteins and other materials
made by ER and golgi
smaller than vacuoles
38
ANIMAL: cilia and flagella
hairlike structures protruding from many types of cells, convert chemical energy into mechanical for MOTION
extend from the surface of many Euk, some Prok cells. used for locomotion in single cell organisms
sperm cells move using a flagellum
39
PLANTS: central vacuole:
STORAGE of FOOD and NUTRIENTS, keep PLANT LEAVES and STEMS TURGID
food, enzymes, waste, water
30% of volume
40
what does water do in a plant cell
keeps stems and leaves turgid/swollen
41
PLANT: chloroplasts
plastid containing green pigment, chlorophyll
convert sun energy into stored chemical energy, glucose, also produce oxygen
help in photosynthesis ^^
42
plastid:
organelle found in plants and algae
43
PLANTS ONLY: cell wall
provides strength, support and protection
surrounds cell membrane
made of cellulose fibres and is porous
rigid
44
unlike cell membranes, materials cannot get through __
cell walls
45
PLANTS: plasmodesmata:
openings in cell wall that allow communication and transport between plant cells
46
animals have a ___ shape
round, irregular
47
plant cells have a ___ shape
rectangular, fixed
48
cell membrane of Euk cell is ___ permeable.
selectively. some substances cross, some don’t
49
oxygen, CO2, and small hydrocarbons ___ diffuse thru cell membrane
CAN
50
what can’t get thru a cell membrane
water, charged ions, larger molecules like glucose
51
maintenance of a stable internal environment:
homeostasis
| cellular membrane is responsible for this
52
cellular membrane serves as an ___ for the intercellular cytoskeleton and keeps organelles and cytoplasm inside
ATTACHMENT POINT
53
three main classes that make up all cell membranes
proteins, fats, carbohydrates
| each type of cell/organelle will have a different % of each
54
the cell membrane consists of a phospholipids bilayer. the molecule is:
amphipathic (philic + phobic parts)
55
CELL MEMBRANE: parts of a phospholipid molecule
one hydrophilic phosphate head and two hydrophobic fatty acid tails
56
CELL MEMBRANE: non polar tailS of a phospholipid molecule:
repels water, always faces inside of bilayer
57
CELL MEMBRANE: polar head of phospholipid molecule:
attracts water and faces exterior and interior of cell
58
CELL MEMBRANE: in phospholipid bilayer are molecules of ___ and many different types of proteins.
cholesterol
59
embedded molecules of lipids and proteins can move sideways thru the cell membrane, so the membrane ISNT solid, but more like a:
FLUID.
60
fluid mosaic model:
cell membrane contains a mosaic of different components scattered throughout it.
61
CELL MEMBRANE: the type of hydrocarbon tail affects:
fluidity of cell membrane
62
what ratio keeps the cell membrane fluid at any temp conducive to life
the right ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids
63
CELL MEMBRANE: ex. winter wheat responds to decreasing temps by increasing amount of unsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes. this:
prevents membranes from solidifying during winter
64
ANIMAL CELL MEMBRANE: the steroid cholesterol is wedged between
phospholipid molecules with its polar head aligned w polar head of phospholipid
65
CELL MEMBRANE: without cholesterol, cell membranes would be too
fluid, not firm enough, too permeable
they would separate without cholesterol between them like GLUE
66
CELL MEMBRANE: cholesterol has different effects on fluidity at different
temperatures.
warm: restrains phospholipids movement, reduces fluidity
cool: maintains fluidity by preventing tight packing
67
CELL MEMBRANE: a lil gENDAfluid bitch can’t be fluid in the warm temp because
it restrains movement (if phospholipids)
68
every biological membrane has the same basic
phospholipid structure
69
with each membrane is a set of ___ that enable the membrane to carry out its specific functions
membrane proteins. may vary between cell types
70
CELL MEMBRANE: membrane proteins two main categories:
integral and peripheral
71
CELL MEMBRANE: integral membrane proteins:
penetrate (lol) the hydrophobic core of lipid bilayer
| amphipathic
72
amphipathic:
```
hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts
like that one dumb guy in class who’s someone homophobic and gay at the same time
```
73
CELL MEMBRANE: peripheral membrane proteins:
FLOATING ICEBERG IN BILAYER
| attached to integral proteins, cytoskeleton, extra cellular matrix or membrane itself.
74
six major functions of membrane proteins (TESCIA)
1. transport
2. enzymatic activity
3. signal transduction
4. cell-cell recognition
5. intercellular joining
6. attachment site
75
CELL MEMBRANE (PROTEINS): transport:
carrier and channel proteins TRANSPORT SUBSTANCES ACROSS MEMBRANE
76
CELL MEMBRANE (PROTEINS): enzymatic activity. a protein built into the membrane may be na enzyme with its:
active site exposed to substances in adjacent solution to trigger biochem reaction
77
CELL MEMBRANE (PROTEINS): signal transduction. a membrane protein may have a ___ with a specific shape that fits the shape of a chemical messenger, such as a hormone.
BINDING SITE. this message is relayed to the inside of the cell.
78
CELL MEMBRANE (PROTEINS): cell-cell recognition. glycolupids and glycoproteins serve as ___ that are recognized by other cells.
IDENTIFICATION TAGS
"identity badges"
79
CELL MEMBRANE (PROTEINS): intercellular joining (romeo n juliet type shit)
membrane proteins of adjacent cells directly connect the cytoplasm of two cells forming GAP JUNCTIONS.
80
CELL MEMBRANE (PROTEINS): attachment site. cytoskeleton may be bonded to membrane proteins to:
maintain cell shape and stabilize the location of certain membrane proteins.
81
what part of a PLANT cell carries out photosynthesis
chloroplasts.
82
storage chambers containing water and nutrients:
vacuoles
83
found mostly in animal cells, ___ play a role in cell division.
centrioles
84
cell structure that modifies and packages proteins either for use within the cell or for shimmer out of cell: (amazon type things)
golgi bodies
85
transport SYSTEM within cell (taxi driver type shits):
rough endoplasmic reticulum
86
where is genetic info containing coded instructions for cell found?
chromosomes
87
in PLANT CELLS ONLY, store water and nutrients and keep plant leaves and stems thicc
the central vacuole
88
proteins are manufactured by (workers w probably terrible living conditions bc they were literally MADE for that in the nucleolus)
ribosomes (bc they’re so thin u can see their ribs)
89
membrane bags containing enzymes for digestion (suicidal bitches):
lysosomes
90
phospholipids are made up of
- fatty acids
- phosphate group
- polar molecule
91
the non polar fatty acid tails are (think of ur parents):
hydrophobic
92
the polar heads in phospholipid molecule are (they’re heads, they have “brains,” they’re):
hydrophilic
93
which can easily pass thru cell membrane?
| glucose, sodium chloride, oxygen, estrogen
oxygen
94
what maintains fluidity of cell membrane (decides whether chuckys son is gonna come out as gENDAFLUID or not)
cholesterol
95
the head of the phospholipid is
hydrophilic
96
fatty acid tails of phospholipid face
inward
97
fatty acid tails are
non polar
98
there are __ fatty acids in a phospholipid
two
99
how permeable is the cell membrane
semi permeable
100
phospholipids can flip flop and move ___
laterally
101
cholesterol prevents right packing of phospholipids at ___ temperatures.
low
102
unsaturated hydrocarbon tails have kinks (😏) and are more fluid than:
saturated hydrocarbon tails, which are viscous, properly organized, and not as fluid
103
phospholipids flip flop when
one per month
104
when do phospholipids move laterally
10 to the seventh times per second
105
___ proteins pass right thru the bilayer
integral (they integrate)
106
cell membranes contain mostly
lipids and proteins
107
what help in cell-cell recognition and cell adhesion
glycoproteins and glycolipids (IDENTITY BADGES)
108
what are peripheral proteins attached to (they’re in love ans don’t wanna let go)
cytoskeleton (emo boy), integral proteins (beefy), cell membrane (veiny), extracellular matrix (movie buff)
109
why is it called the fluid mosaic model
membrane contains a mosaic of different compounds scattered throughout fluid matrix where lipids and proteins 💪 can move
110
list six main functions of membrane proteins
Transport, Signal transduction, Enzyme activity, Cell-cell recognition, Attachment site, Intracellular joining
111
rough vs smooth endoplasmic reticulum
rough is bound by ribosomes
