biology quiz 1 Flashcards
biology is the science that deals with:
study of life AND the Structure, Function, Growth of organisms
seven characteristics of living things
FRRWRGL
- require FOOD for energy
- RESPIRE
- RESPOND to environment
- produce WASTE
- REPAIR themselves
- GROW and REPRODUCE
- limited LIFESPAN
basic structural and functional unit of all living things:
cells
what necessities do cells contain:
water, nutrients, oxygen
two main types of cells
prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) and Eukaryotes (protists, PLANTS, ANIMALS)
what type of cells are ALWAYS single celled
prokaryotic
what type of cell DNA is linear
eukaryotic (plants and animal cells)
eukaryotic cells are multi cellular AND:
single cellular
prokaryotic cells have NO:
nucleus or any membrane bound organelles
eukaryotic cells always have nucleus AND
other membrane BOUND organelles
prokaryotic cells are ___ than eukaryotic cells
smaller
if a cell is >10um, it is
eukaryotic
the cell theory:
all living things are made up of 1+ cells
according to the cell theory, how do cells arise
from pre existing cells
hereditary information is passed on from:
cell to cell
all cells have the same
basic chemical composition
ANIMAL: cell membrane:
protective barrier around cell
composed of double layer lipids
semi permeable
regulates passage
ANIMAL: cytoplasm:
everything between cell membrane and nuclear membrane
ANIMAL: cytosol:
jelly substance that surrounds organelles, contains water salt and proteins
ANIMAL: cytoskeleton:
basic structure of cell made of protein filaments
ANIMAL: nuclear membrane:
surrounds NUCLEUS, made of two porous layers for stuff to pass thru
ANIMAL: nucleus
control centre
directs cellular activities
has chromosomes
ANIMAL: nucleolus
inside nucleus
manufactures ribosomes
visible when cell isn’t dividing
ANIMAL: chromosomes
units where genetic info is stored
DNA, proteins
human cell has __ chromosomes
46
sperm has ___ chromosomes
23
ANIMAL: gene:
portion of chromosome that codes a trait
ANIMAL: chromatin:
long, uncoiled, threadlike strands of DNA
ANIMAL: centriole: rigatoni lookin things
work in cell division and organization
lie at right angles of each other
ANIMAL: mitochondrion
POWERHOUSE of the cell lmao
double layered sausage thing
produces ATP, chemical energy, that fuels cell activities by cellular respiration
ANIMAL: endoplasmic reticulum
ROUGH: TRANSPORT SYSTEM within cell
interconnected lil tubes from nuclear membrane to cell membrane
makes and transports materials (proteins n fats) thru cell
each cell contains thousands of __
ribosomes (ANIMAL)
ANIMAL: ribosomes: (so skinny u can see their ribs)
MAKE PROTEINS
embedded in rough endoplasmic reticulum or dispersed in cytoplasm
make up a quarter of cell mass
ANIMAL: golgi bodies: (amazon prep bros)
membrane structures near nucleus
made of sac layers
receive proteins from endoplasmic reticulum
MODIFY, PACKAGE proteins for delivery thru and out cell
ANIMAL: lysosome:
SUICIDE SACS-
membrane bags containing ENZYMES (for digestion)
help recycle organelles, cell destruction, fight infection
ANIMAL: VACuoles:
sacs for storage of water, minerals, waste
ANIMAL: VESicles: (like amazon delivery VEHICLES)
transport proteins and other materials
made by ER and golgi
smaller than vacuoles
ANIMAL: cilia and flagella
hairlike structures protruding from many types of cells, convert chemical energy into mechanical for MOTION
extend from the surface of many Euk, some Prok cells. used for locomotion in single cell organisms
sperm cells move using a flagellum
PLANTS: central vacuole:
STORAGE of FOOD and NUTRIENTS, keep PLANT LEAVES and STEMS TURGID
food, enzymes, waste, water
30% of volume
what does water do in a plant cell
keeps stems and leaves turgid/swollen
PLANT: chloroplasts
plastid containing green pigment, chlorophyll
convert sun energy into stored chemical energy, glucose, also produce oxygen
help in photosynthesis ^^
plastid:
organelle found in plants and algae
PLANTS ONLY: cell wall
provides strength, support and protection
surrounds cell membrane
made of cellulose fibres and is porous
rigid
unlike cell membranes, materials cannot get through __
cell walls
PLANTS: plasmodesmata:
openings in cell wall that allow communication and transport between plant cells
animals have a ___ shape
round, irregular
plant cells have a ___ shape
rectangular, fixed
cell membrane of Euk cell is ___ permeable.
selectively. some substances cross, some don’t
oxygen, CO2, and small hydrocarbons ___ diffuse thru cell membrane
CAN
what can’t get thru a cell membrane
water, charged ions, larger molecules like glucose
maintenance of a stable internal environment:
homeostasis
cellular membrane is responsible for this
cellular membrane serves as an ___ for the intercellular cytoskeleton and keeps organelles and cytoplasm inside
ATTACHMENT POINT
three main classes that make up all cell membranes
proteins, fats, carbohydrates
each type of cell/organelle will have a different % of each
the cell membrane consists of a phospholipids bilayer. the molecule is:
amphipathic (philic + phobic parts)
CELL MEMBRANE: parts of a phospholipid molecule
one hydrophilic phosphate head and two hydrophobic fatty acid tails
CELL MEMBRANE: non polar tailS of a phospholipid molecule:
repels water, always faces inside of bilayer
CELL MEMBRANE: polar head of phospholipid molecule:
attracts water and faces exterior and interior of cell
CELL MEMBRANE: in phospholipid bilayer are molecules of ___ and many different types of proteins.
cholesterol
embedded molecules of lipids and proteins can move sideways thru the cell membrane, so the membrane ISNT solid, but more like a:
FLUID.
fluid mosaic model:
cell membrane contains a mosaic of different components scattered throughout it.
CELL MEMBRANE: the type of hydrocarbon tail affects:
fluidity of cell membrane
what ratio keeps the cell membrane fluid at any temp conducive to life
the right ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids
CELL MEMBRANE: ex. winter wheat responds to decreasing temps by increasing amount of unsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes. this:
prevents membranes from solidifying during winter
ANIMAL CELL MEMBRANE: the steroid cholesterol is wedged between
phospholipid molecules with its polar head aligned w polar head of phospholipid
CELL MEMBRANE: without cholesterol, cell membranes would be too
fluid, not firm enough, too permeable
they would separate without cholesterol between them like GLUE
CELL MEMBRANE: cholesterol has different effects on fluidity at different
temperatures.
warm: restrains phospholipids movement, reduces fluidity
cool: maintains fluidity by preventing tight packing
CELL MEMBRANE: a lil gENDAfluid bitch can’t be fluid in the warm temp because
it restrains movement (if phospholipids)
every biological membrane has the same basic
phospholipid structure
with each membrane is a set of ___ that enable the membrane to carry out its specific functions
membrane proteins. may vary between cell types
CELL MEMBRANE: membrane proteins two main categories:
integral and peripheral
CELL MEMBRANE: integral membrane proteins:
penetrate (lol) the hydrophobic core of lipid bilayer
amphipathic
amphipathic:
hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts like that one dumb guy in class who’s someone homophobic and gay at the same time
CELL MEMBRANE: peripheral membrane proteins:
FLOATING ICEBERG IN BILAYER
attached to integral proteins, cytoskeleton, extra cellular matrix or membrane itself.
six major functions of membrane proteins (TESCIA)
- transport
- enzymatic activity
- signal transduction
- cell-cell recognition
- intercellular joining
- attachment site
CELL MEMBRANE (PROTEINS): transport:
carrier and channel proteins TRANSPORT SUBSTANCES ACROSS MEMBRANE
CELL MEMBRANE (PROTEINS): enzymatic activity. a protein built into the membrane may be na enzyme with its:
active site exposed to substances in adjacent solution to trigger biochem reaction
CELL MEMBRANE (PROTEINS): signal transduction. a membrane protein may have a ___ with a specific shape that fits the shape of a chemical messenger, such as a hormone.
BINDING SITE. this message is relayed to the inside of the cell.
CELL MEMBRANE (PROTEINS): cell-cell recognition. glycolupids and glycoproteins serve as ___ that are recognized by other cells.
IDENTIFICATION TAGS
“identity badges”
CELL MEMBRANE (PROTEINS): intercellular joining (romeo n juliet type shit)
membrane proteins of adjacent cells directly connect the cytoplasm of two cells forming GAP JUNCTIONS.
CELL MEMBRANE (PROTEINS): attachment site. cytoskeleton may be bonded to membrane proteins to:
maintain cell shape and stabilize the location of certain membrane proteins.
what part of a PLANT cell carries out photosynthesis
chloroplasts.
storage chambers containing water and nutrients:
vacuoles
found mostly in animal cells, ___ play a role in cell division.
centrioles
cell structure that modifies and packages proteins either for use within the cell or for shimmer out of cell: (amazon type things)
golgi bodies
transport SYSTEM within cell (taxi driver type shits):
rough endoplasmic reticulum
where is genetic info containing coded instructions for cell found?
chromosomes
in PLANT CELLS ONLY, store water and nutrients and keep plant leaves and stems thicc
the central vacuole
proteins are manufactured by (workers w probably terrible living conditions bc they were literally MADE for that in the nucleolus)
ribosomes (bc they’re so thin u can see their ribs)
membrane bags containing enzymes for digestion (suicidal bitches):
lysosomes
phospholipids are made up of
- fatty acids
- phosphate group
- polar molecule
the non polar fatty acid tails are (think of ur parents):
hydrophobic
the polar heads in phospholipid molecule are (they’re heads, they have “brains,” they’re):
hydrophilic
which can easily pass thru cell membrane?
glucose, sodium chloride, oxygen, estrogen
oxygen
what maintains fluidity of cell membrane (decides whether chuckys son is gonna come out as gENDAFLUID or not)
cholesterol
the head of the phospholipid is
hydrophilic
fatty acid tails of phospholipid face
inward
fatty acid tails are
non polar
there are __ fatty acids in a phospholipid
two
how permeable is the cell membrane
semi permeable
phospholipids can flip flop and move ___
laterally
cholesterol prevents right packing of phospholipids at ___ temperatures.
low
unsaturated hydrocarbon tails have kinks (😏) and are more fluid than:
saturated hydrocarbon tails, which are viscous, properly organized, and not as fluid
phospholipids flip flop when
one per month
when do phospholipids move laterally
10 to the seventh times per second
___ proteins pass right thru the bilayer
integral (they integrate)
cell membranes contain mostly
lipids and proteins
what help in cell-cell recognition and cell adhesion
glycoproteins and glycolipids (IDENTITY BADGES)
what are peripheral proteins attached to (they’re in love ans don’t wanna let go)
cytoskeleton (emo boy), integral proteins (beefy), cell membrane (veiny), extracellular matrix (movie buff)
why is it called the fluid mosaic model
membrane contains a mosaic of different compounds scattered throughout fluid matrix where lipids and proteins 💪 can move
list six main functions of membrane proteins
Transport, Signal transduction, Enzyme activity, Cell-cell recognition, Attachment site, Intracellular joining
rough vs smooth endoplasmic reticulum
rough is bound by ribosomes
