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biology quiz 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

biology is the science that deals with:

A

study of life AND the Structure, Function, Growth of organisms

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2
Q

seven characteristics of living things

FRRWRGL

A
  1. require FOOD for energy
  2. RESPIRE
  3. RESPOND to environment
  4. produce WASTE
  5. REPAIR themselves
  6. GROW and REPRODUCE
  7. limited LIFESPAN
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3
Q

basic structural and functional unit of all living things:

A

cells

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4
Q

what necessities do cells contain:

A

water, nutrients, oxygen

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5
Q

two main types of cells

A

prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) and Eukaryotes (protists, PLANTS, ANIMALS)

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6
Q

what type of cells are ALWAYS single celled

A

prokaryotic

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7
Q

what type of cell DNA is linear

A

eukaryotic (plants and animal cells)

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8
Q

eukaryotic cells are multi cellular AND:

A

single cellular

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9
Q

prokaryotic cells have NO:

A

nucleus or any membrane bound organelles

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10
Q

eukaryotic cells always have nucleus AND

A

other membrane BOUND organelles

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11
Q

prokaryotic cells are ___ than eukaryotic cells

A

smaller

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12
Q

if a cell is >10um, it is

A

eukaryotic

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13
Q

the cell theory:

A

all living things are made up of 1+ cells

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14
Q

according to the cell theory, how do cells arise

A

from pre existing cells

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15
Q

hereditary information is passed on from:

A

cell to cell

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16
Q

all cells have the same

A

basic chemical composition

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17
Q

ANIMAL: cell membrane:

A

protective barrier around cell
composed of double layer lipids
semi permeable
regulates passage

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18
Q

ANIMAL: cytoplasm:

A

everything between cell membrane and nuclear membrane

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19
Q

ANIMAL: cytosol:

A

jelly substance that surrounds organelles, contains water salt and proteins

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20
Q

ANIMAL: cytoskeleton:

A

basic structure of cell made of protein filaments

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21
Q

ANIMAL: nuclear membrane:

A

surrounds NUCLEUS, made of two porous layers for stuff to pass thru

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22
Q

ANIMAL: nucleus

A

control centre
directs cellular activities
has chromosomes

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23
Q

ANIMAL: nucleolus

A

inside nucleus
manufactures ribosomes
visible when cell isn’t dividing

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24
Q

ANIMAL: chromosomes

A

units where genetic info is stored

DNA, proteins

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25
Q

human cell has __ chromosomes

A

46

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26
Q

sperm has ___ chromosomes

A

23

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27
Q

ANIMAL: gene:

A

portion of chromosome that codes a trait

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28
Q

ANIMAL: chromatin:

A

long, uncoiled, threadlike strands of DNA

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29
Q

ANIMAL: centriole: rigatoni lookin things

A

work in cell division and organization

lie at right angles of each other

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30
Q

ANIMAL: mitochondrion

A

POWERHOUSE of the cell lmao
double layered sausage thing

produces ATP, chemical energy, that fuels cell activities by cellular respiration

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31
Q

ANIMAL: endoplasmic reticulum

A

ROUGH: TRANSPORT SYSTEM within cell

interconnected lil tubes from nuclear membrane to cell membrane
makes and transports materials (proteins n fats) thru cell

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32
Q

each cell contains thousands of __

A

ribosomes (ANIMAL)

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33
Q

ANIMAL: ribosomes: (so skinny u can see their ribs)

A

MAKE PROTEINS
embedded in rough endoplasmic reticulum or dispersed in cytoplasm
make up a quarter of cell mass

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34
Q

ANIMAL: golgi bodies: (amazon prep bros)

A

membrane structures near nucleus
made of sac layers
receive proteins from endoplasmic reticulum
MODIFY, PACKAGE proteins for delivery thru and out cell

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35
Q

ANIMAL: lysosome:

A

SUICIDE SACS-
membrane bags containing ENZYMES (for digestion)

help recycle organelles, cell destruction, fight infection

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36
Q

ANIMAL: VACuoles:

A

sacs for storage of water, minerals, waste

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37
Q

ANIMAL: VESicles: (like amazon delivery VEHICLES)

A

transport proteins and other materials
made by ER and golgi
smaller than vacuoles

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38
Q

ANIMAL: cilia and flagella

A

hairlike structures protruding from many types of cells, convert chemical energy into mechanical for MOTION

extend from the surface of many Euk, some Prok cells. used for locomotion in single cell organisms
sperm cells move using a flagellum

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39
Q

PLANTS: central vacuole:

A

STORAGE of FOOD and NUTRIENTS, keep PLANT LEAVES and STEMS TURGID

food, enzymes, waste, water
30% of volume

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40
Q

what does water do in a plant cell

A

keeps stems and leaves turgid/swollen

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41
Q

PLANT: chloroplasts

A

plastid containing green pigment, chlorophyll
convert sun energy into stored chemical energy, glucose, also produce oxygen
help in photosynthesis ^^

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42
Q

plastid:

A

organelle found in plants and algae

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43
Q

PLANTS ONLY: cell wall

A

provides strength, support and protection
surrounds cell membrane
made of cellulose fibres and is porous
rigid

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44
Q

unlike cell membranes, materials cannot get through __

A

cell walls

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45
Q

PLANTS: plasmodesmata:

A

openings in cell wall that allow communication and transport between plant cells

46
Q

animals have a ___ shape

A

round, irregular

47
Q

plant cells have a ___ shape

A

rectangular, fixed

48
Q

cell membrane of Euk cell is ___ permeable.

A

selectively. some substances cross, some don’t

49
Q

oxygen, CO2, and small hydrocarbons ___ diffuse thru cell membrane

A

CAN

50
Q

what can’t get thru a cell membrane

A

water, charged ions, larger molecules like glucose

51
Q

maintenance of a stable internal environment:

A

homeostasis

cellular membrane is responsible for this

52
Q

cellular membrane serves as an ___ for the intercellular cytoskeleton and keeps organelles and cytoplasm inside

A

ATTACHMENT POINT

53
Q

three main classes that make up all cell membranes

A

proteins, fats, carbohydrates

each type of cell/organelle will have a different % of each

54
Q

the cell membrane consists of a phospholipids bilayer. the molecule is:

A

amphipathic (philic + phobic parts)

55
Q

CELL MEMBRANE: parts of a phospholipid molecule

A

one hydrophilic phosphate head and two hydrophobic fatty acid tails

56
Q

CELL MEMBRANE: non polar tailS of a phospholipid molecule:

A

repels water, always faces inside of bilayer

57
Q

CELL MEMBRANE: polar head of phospholipid molecule:

A

attracts water and faces exterior and interior of cell

58
Q

CELL MEMBRANE: in phospholipid bilayer are molecules of ___ and many different types of proteins.

A

cholesterol

59
Q

embedded molecules of lipids and proteins can move sideways thru the cell membrane, so the membrane ISNT solid, but more like a:

A

FLUID.

60
Q

fluid mosaic model:

A

cell membrane contains a mosaic of different components scattered throughout it.

61
Q

CELL MEMBRANE: the type of hydrocarbon tail affects:

A

fluidity of cell membrane

62
Q

what ratio keeps the cell membrane fluid at any temp conducive to life

A

the right ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids

63
Q

CELL MEMBRANE: ex. winter wheat responds to decreasing temps by increasing amount of unsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes. this:

A

prevents membranes from solidifying during winter

64
Q

ANIMAL CELL MEMBRANE: the steroid cholesterol is wedged between

A

phospholipid molecules with its polar head aligned w polar head of phospholipid

65
Q

CELL MEMBRANE: without cholesterol, cell membranes would be too

A

fluid, not firm enough, too permeable

they would separate without cholesterol between them like GLUE

66
Q

CELL MEMBRANE: cholesterol has different effects on fluidity at different

A

temperatures.
warm: restrains phospholipids movement, reduces fluidity
cool: maintains fluidity by preventing tight packing

67
Q

CELL MEMBRANE: a lil gENDAfluid bitch can’t be fluid in the warm temp because

A

it restrains movement (if phospholipids)

68
Q

every biological membrane has the same basic

A

phospholipid structure

69
Q

with each membrane is a set of ___ that enable the membrane to carry out its specific functions

A

membrane proteins. may vary between cell types

70
Q

CELL MEMBRANE: membrane proteins two main categories:

A

integral and peripheral

71
Q

CELL MEMBRANE: integral membrane proteins:

A

penetrate (lol) the hydrophobic core of lipid bilayer

amphipathic

72
Q

amphipathic:

A 
hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts 
like that one dumb guy in class who’s someone homophobic and gay at the same time
73
Q

CELL MEMBRANE: peripheral membrane proteins:

A

FLOATING ICEBERG IN BILAYER

attached to integral proteins, cytoskeleton, extra cellular matrix or membrane itself.

74
Q

six major functions of membrane proteins (TESCIA)

A
  1. transport
  2. enzymatic activity
  3. signal transduction
  4. cell-cell recognition
  5. intercellular joining
  6. attachment site
75
Q

CELL MEMBRANE (PROTEINS): transport:

A

carrier and channel proteins TRANSPORT SUBSTANCES ACROSS MEMBRANE

76
Q

CELL MEMBRANE (PROTEINS): enzymatic activity. a protein built into the membrane may be na enzyme with its:

A

active site exposed to substances in adjacent solution to trigger biochem reaction

77
Q

CELL MEMBRANE (PROTEINS): signal transduction. a membrane protein may have a ___ with a specific shape that fits the shape of a chemical messenger, such as a hormone.

A

BINDING SITE. this message is relayed to the inside of the cell.

78
Q

CELL MEMBRANE (PROTEINS): cell-cell recognition. glycolupids and glycoproteins serve as ___ that are recognized by other cells.

A

IDENTIFICATION TAGS

“identity badges”

79
Q

CELL MEMBRANE (PROTEINS): intercellular joining (romeo n juliet type shit)

A

membrane proteins of adjacent cells directly connect the cytoplasm of two cells forming GAP JUNCTIONS.

80
Q

CELL MEMBRANE (PROTEINS): attachment site. cytoskeleton may be bonded to membrane proteins to:

A

maintain cell shape and stabilize the location of certain membrane proteins.

81
Q

what part of a PLANT cell carries out photosynthesis

A

chloroplasts.

82
Q

storage chambers containing water and nutrients:

A

vacuoles

83
Q

found mostly in animal cells, ___ play a role in cell division.

A

centrioles

84
Q

cell structure that modifies and packages proteins either for use within the cell or for shimmer out of cell: (amazon type things)

A

golgi bodies

85
Q

transport SYSTEM within cell (taxi driver type shits):

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

86
Q

where is genetic info containing coded instructions for cell found?

A

chromosomes

87
Q

in PLANT CELLS ONLY, store water and nutrients and keep plant leaves and stems thicc

A

the central vacuole

88
Q

proteins are manufactured by (workers w probably terrible living conditions bc they were literally MADE for that in the nucleolus)

A

ribosomes (bc they’re so thin u can see their ribs)

89
Q

membrane bags containing enzymes for digestion (suicidal bitches):

A

lysosomes

90
Q

phospholipids are made up of

A
  • fatty acids
  • phosphate group
  • polar molecule
91
Q

the non polar fatty acid tails are (think of ur parents):

A

hydrophobic

92
Q

the polar heads in phospholipid molecule are (they’re heads, they have “brains,” they’re):

A

hydrophilic

93
Q

which can easily pass thru cell membrane?

glucose, sodium chloride, oxygen, estrogen

A

oxygen

94
Q

what maintains fluidity of cell membrane (decides whether chuckys son is gonna come out as gENDAFLUID or not)

A

cholesterol

95
Q

the head of the phospholipid is

A

hydrophilic

96
Q

fatty acid tails of phospholipid face

A

inward

97
Q

fatty acid tails are

A

non polar

98
Q

there are __ fatty acids in a phospholipid

A

two

99
Q

how permeable is the cell membrane

A

semi permeable

100
Q

phospholipids can flip flop and move ___

A

laterally

101
Q

cholesterol prevents right packing of phospholipids at ___ temperatures.

A

low

102
Q

unsaturated hydrocarbon tails have kinks (😏) and are more fluid than:

A

saturated hydrocarbon tails, which are viscous, properly organized, and not as fluid

103
Q

phospholipids flip flop when

A

one per month

104
Q

when do phospholipids move laterally

A

10 to the seventh times per second

105
Q

___ proteins pass right thru the bilayer

A

integral (they integrate)

106
Q

cell membranes contain mostly

A

lipids and proteins

107
Q

what help in cell-cell recognition and cell adhesion

A

glycoproteins and glycolipids (IDENTITY BADGES)

108
Q

what are peripheral proteins attached to (they’re in love ans don’t wanna let go)

A

cytoskeleton (emo boy), integral proteins (beefy), cell membrane (veiny), extracellular matrix (movie buff)

109
Q

why is it called the fluid mosaic model

A

membrane contains a mosaic of different compounds scattered throughout fluid matrix where lipids and proteins 💪 can move

110
Q

list six main functions of membrane proteins

A

Transport, Signal transduction, Enzyme activity, Cell-cell recognition, Attachment site, Intracellular joining

111
Q

rough vs smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

rough is bound by ribosomes

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