Cell Division Flashcards

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1
Q

How is DNA organized in a prokaryotic cell?

A

one, circular chromosome attached to the inside of the cell membrane

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2
Q

How do prokaryotes reproduce?

A

Binary fission. In this process, a single chromosome makes a copy of itself

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3
Q

How is DNA organized in a eukaryote?

A

housed in the nucleus and tightly packaged into chromosomes.

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4
Q

What is mitosis used for in eukaryotes?

A

Mitosis is used to produce new body cells for growth and healing

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5
Q

What are the two main stages of the cell cycle?

A

interphase, the cell grows and DNA is replicated

mitotic phase, the replicated DNA and cytoplasmic contents are separated and the cell divides.

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6
Q

What happens during the three stages of interphase.

A

G1 Stage
Cells mature but making more cytoplasm & organelles
Cell carries on its normal metabolic activities

S Stage
DNA is copied or replicated

G2 Stage
All cell structures needed for division are made (eg centrioles)
Both organelles & proteins are synthesized

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7
Q

What are the functions of spindles and centrosomes.

A

Spindles- necessary to equally divide the chromosomes in a parental cell into two daughter cells during both types of nuclear division: mitosis and meiosis

Centrosomes- duplicates and then, move to opposite ends of the cell.

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8
Q

Briefly describe what happens during early prophase of mitosis

A

The chromosomes become even more condensed, so they are very compact.
The nuclear envelope breaks down, releasing the chromosomes.

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9
Q

Briefly describe what happens during metaphase of mitosis.

A

At this stage, the two kinetochores of each chromosome should be attached to microtubules from opposite spindle poles.
92 Chromosomes on the Metaphase plate

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10
Q

Briefly describe what happens during anaphase of mitosis.

A

Chromosomes lined up in the middle will split
Occurs rapidly
Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite pole by fibers
Centromere must break for this to happen.

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11
Q

Briefly describe what happens during telophase of mitosis.

A
Sister chromatids at opposite poles
Spindles disassemble
Nuclear envelope forms around each set of sister chromatids
Nucleolus reappears
CYTOKINESIS occurs
Chromosomes reappear as chromatin
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12
Q

Differentiate between cytokinesis in plant cells and animal cells.

A

Plants cell wall forms at the equator to divide cell

In animal cells, cleavage furrow forms to split cell

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13
Q

Briefly describe the types of asexual reproduction.

A

Binary Fission- The division of a single entity into two or more parts and the regeneration of those parts to separate entities resembling the original.
Mitosis- Reproduction of cells
Meiosis- Process that leads to the creation of gametes

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14
Q

Describe the advantages of sexual & asexual reproduction.

A

Sexual- Creates more unique offspring

Asexual- Faster and less complex

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15
Q

Differentiate between somatic and germ cells.

A

Germ Cells= specialized for sexual reproduction

Somatic Cells= do not participate in sexual reproduction; ex. skin cells, muscle cells, etc.

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16
Q

Differentiate autosomes and sex chromosomes

A

Autosomes=chromosomes with genes that do not determine sex

Sex chromosomes=have genes that determine sex

17
Q

Differentiate Between diploid and haploid cells.

A

Diploid=has two sets of chromosomes; somatic cells

Haploid=has one set of chromosomes; gametes

18
Q

Define zygote

A

cell formed through fertilization; has a combination of genetic material from both parents

19
Q

Define fertilization.

A

when two gametes fuse with each other

20
Q

Define homologous chromosomes.

A

chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, and kinds of genes they contain

21
Q

Compare and contrast mitosis & meiosis.

A

Mitosis creates two daughter cells while meiosis creates four daughter cells.
Mitosis produces diploid cells while meiosis creates haploid cells.
Mitosis daughter cells are genetically identical while meiosis daughter cells are genetically different.

22
Q

Describe what happens in Prophase II

A

Nuclear envelope dissolves
Chromosomes condense
Both have duplicated centromere and migrate to edges of cell

23
Q

Describe what happens in Metaphase II

A

the chromosomes line up individually along the metaphase plate

Extra: Nuclear membrane disappears, Microtubules push centrosomes apart and attach chromatids

24
Q

Describe what happens in Anaphase II

A

Things pull apart

Sister chromatids split

25
Q

Describe what happens in Telophase II

A

Cytokinesis happens

Four daughter cells form

26
Q

What happens in Prophase I

A

The chromosomes begin to condense and they also pair up.
Each chromosome carefully aligns with its homologue partner so that the two match up at corresponding positions along their full length.

27
Q

What happens in Metaphase I

A

homologue pairs—not individual chromosomes—line up at the metaphase plate for separation.

28
Q

What happens in Anaphase I

A

The homologous pairs are pulled apart

29
Q

What happens in Telophase I

A

the chromosomes arrive at opposite poles of the cell.

Cytokinesis usually occurs at the same time as telophase I, forming two haploid daughter cells.

30
Q

Briefly describe what happens in late prophase of mitosis.

A

The mitotic spindle grows more, and some of the microtubules start to “capture” chromosomes.

31
Q

What is crossing over and when does it occur?

A

Crossing over is the swapping of genetic material that occurs in the germ line.
Paired chromosomes from each parent align so that similar DNA sequences from the paired chromosomes cross over one another.
Occurs in Prophase I of Meiosis I.

32
Q

Compare spermatogenesis with oogenesis.

A

Spermatogenesis
Two divisions produce 4 spermatids
Spermatids mature into sperm
Produce about 250,000,000 sperm per day

Oogenesis
Produce 3 polar bodies that die and 1 egg
Polar bodies die because of unequal division of cytoplasm
Immature egg called oocyte
Starting at puberty, one oocyte matures in an ovum (egg) every 28 days

33
Q

List and describe 3 ways that genetic variation is guaranteed during sexual reproduction.

A
Crossing over (in prophase I) 
Random assortment of chromosomes (in metaphase I) Random fusion of gametes from different parents.
34
Q

What is cancer?

A

Cells reproductive at an uncontrolled rate, take up space

It is a form of uncontrolled meiosis.

35
Q

What are Oncogenes?

A

Genes that control cell cycle and cell growth
Can run the risk of cancer

Ex. Braco-1 Gene in for breast cancer

36
Q

Define Metastasize

A

Spread to different parts places

37
Q

How to cure cancer?

A

Chemotherapy
Attacks all rapidly producing cells or all cells in the body
Radiation has a lot of side effects, i.e. Kills both cancer cells and good cells

Create a virus that only attacks cancer cells.
Viruses have only one RNA
Manipulate virus can only kill cancer cells.

Stop prophase by removing the centriole development or spindle fibers. This stops the start of the germ cell reproduction and allows for cells to no longer reproduce

Remove the part of your body that is more vulnerable to cancer