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Cell Cycle Week 5 Holy Flashcards

1
Q

Prophase-

A

first step of M phase or mitosis

  • Replicated chromosomes condense
  • mitotic spindle assemble between the two centromeres
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2
Q

first step of M phase or mitosis

  • Replicated chromosomes condense
  • mitotic spindle assemble between the two centromeres
A

Prophase

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3
Q

Prometaphase-

A

second step of mitosis

- nuclear envelope dissociates
- chromosomes attach to spindle microtubules via kinetochores
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4
Q

second step of mitosis

- nuclear envelope dissociates
- chromosomes attach to spindle microtubules via kinetochores
A

Prometaphase

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5
Q

Metaphase-

A

third step of mitosis

-chromosomes aligned at the equator of the cell

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6
Q

third step of mitosis

-chromosomes aligned at the equator of the cell

A

Metaphase

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7
Q

Anaphase-

A

fourth step of mitosis

- sister chromatids separate 
- kinetochore microtubules get shorter
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8
Q

fourth step of mitosis

- sister chromatids separate 
- kinetochore microtubules get shorter
A

Anaphase

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9
Q

Telophase-

A

fifth step of mitosis

- daughter chromosomes arrive at poles and decondense
- new nuclear envelope begins to form
- contractile ring forms around center of cell in preparation for cytokinesis
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10
Q

fifth step of mitosis

- daughter chromosomes arrive at poles and decondense
- new nuclear envelope begins to form
- contractile ring forms around center of cell in preparation for cytokinesis
A

Telophase

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11
Q

Cytokenesis-

A

contractile ring made of actin and myosin filaments pinches the cell in two creating two daughter cells

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12
Q

contractile ring made of actin and myosin filaments pinches the cell in two creating two daughter cells

A

Cytokenesis

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13
Q

Rho proteins-

A

small G proteins that stimulate actin polymerization; important in formation of contractile ring during telophase and cytokinesis

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14
Q

small G proteins that stimulate actin polymerization; important in formation of contractile ring during telophase and cytokinesis

A

Rho proteins

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15
Q

Cohesins-

A

multi protein complexes that help keep replicated chromosome pairs (daughter chromatids) together until it is time to separate them during, help prevent premature separation and aneuploidy

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16
Q

multi protein complexes that help keep replicated chromosome pairs (daughter chromatids) together until it is time to separate them during, help prevent premature separation and aneuploidy

A

Cohesins

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17
Q

Condensins-

A

multi protein complexes related to cohesins but are involved in the tight packaging of chromatin in mitosis

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18
Q

multi protein complexes related to cohesins but are involved in the tight packaging of chromatin in mitosis

A

Condensins

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19
Q

Kinetochore-

A

complex of protein that assembles on centromeric DNA, made up of centromeric heterochromatin, histone H3 variant called CENP-A. Identifies the location for kinetochore formation.

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20
Q

complex of protein that assembles on centromeric DNA, made up of centromeric heterochromatin, histone H3 variant called CENP-A. Identifies the location for kinetochore formation.

A

Kinetochore

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21
Q

CENP-A-

A

histone H3 variant located on the centromeric heterochromatin; identifies location for assembly of kinetochores

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22
Q

histone H3 variant located on the centromeric heterochromatin; identifies location for assembly of kinetochores

A

CENP-A

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23
Q

Kinetochores-

A

interact with microtubule of the spindle apparatus for separation of daughter chromatids; have signaling function as metaphase checkpoints

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24
Q

interact with microtubule of the spindle apparatus for separation of daughter chromatids; have signaling function as metaphase checkpoints

A

Kinetochores

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25
Q

Kinetochore microtubules-

A

pull daughter chromosomes apart at kinetochores

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26
Q

pull daughter chromosomes apart at kinetochores

A

Kinetochore microtubules

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27
Q

Interpolar microtubules-

A

push chromosomes away from poles to align during formation of metaphase plate; also push against eachother to elongate the spindle in late anaphasae

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28
Q

push chromosomes away from poles to align during formation of metaphase plate; also push against eachother to elongate the spindle in late anaphasae

A

Interpolar microtubules

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29
Q

Astral microtubules-

A

push chromosomes away from poles during formation of metaphase plate

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30
Q

push chromosomes away from poles during formation of metaphase plate

A

Astral microtublues

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31
Q

Contractile ring-

A

formed by contractile fibers of actin and myosin which are controlled by Rho; pinches of two cells during cytokinesis

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32
Q

formed by contractile fibers of actin and myosin which are controlled by Rho; pinches of two cells during cytokinesis

A

Contractile ring

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33
Q

CDK-

A

cyclin dependent kinase, the catalytic subunit of the cell cycle

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34
Q

cyclin dependent kinase, the catalytic subunit of the cell cycle

35
Q

Cyclin-

A

the regulatory subunit of the cell cycle

36
Q

the regulatory subunit of the cell cycle

37
Q

CKIs-

A

cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors; two families, CIP/KIP (p21,p27), and Ink4a (p15, p16

38
Q

cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors; two families, CIP/KIP (p21,p27), and Ink4a (p15, p16

39
Q

CIP/KIP (p21, p27)-

A

CKIs that bind cyclin-CDK complexes; upregulated by p53 in response to DNA damage

40
Q

CKIs that bind cyclin-CDK complexes; upregulated by p53 in response to DNA damage

A

CIP/KIP (p21, p27)

41
Q

Ink4a (p15, p16)-

A

bind to CDK subunits and prevent cyclin association, upregulated by environmental signaling

42
Q

bind to CDK subunits and prevent cyclin association, upregulated by environmental signaling

A

Ink4a (p15, p16)

43
Q

Cyclin D, CDK 4 or 6 (which phase?)-

A

associated with G1

44
Q

Cyclin B, CDK 1 (which phase?)-

A

associated with M phase

45
Q

CAK-

A

phosphorylates active site of CDK

46
Q

phosphorylates active site of CDK

47
Q

Wee1 kinase-

A

phosphorylates deactivation site of CDK; inhibited by active M-Cdk→positive feedback for continuation of M phase

48
Q

phosphorylates deactivation site of CDK; inhibited by active M-Cdk→positive feedback for continuation of M phase

A

Wee1 kinase

49
Q

Cdc-25-

A

removes phosphate added to CDK by Wee1, activates M-Cdk which activates more Cdc-25 through positive feedback

50
Q

removes phosphate added to CDK by Wee1, activates M-Cdk which activates more Cdc-25 through positive feedback

51
Q

Mitogen growth factor-

A

activates Ras G protein on plasma membrane to move cell from G0 to G1

52
Q

activates Ras G protein on plasma membrane to move cell from G0 to G1

A

Mitogen growth factor

53
Q

Ras-

A

activated by mitogen growth factor, Ras activates MAP kinase cascade

54
Q

activated by mitogen growth factor, activates MAP kinase cascade:

55
Q

MAP kinase-

A

Activated by MAP-kinase-kinase-kinase→MAP-kinase-kinase, eventually crosses into nucleus and activates transcription factors by phosphorylating them

56
Q

Rb-

A

retinal blastoma protein, an important cancer suppressor, acts by binding to EF2 which is a transcription factor in cell division

57
Q

EF2-

A

transcription factor in cell division which can be inhibited by Rb

58
Q

ORCs, what are they, what phase?

A
  • origin of replication complexes; (G1)
59
Q

Cyclins E and A- what do they do? When do we see them?

A

produced towards the end of G1, activate CDK2

60
Q

CDK2- function?

A

recruits preinitiation complex proteins (Cdc6, Cdt1) to ORCs

61
Q

Cdc6- function and fate?

A

preinitiation complex protein destroyed by Cdk activity after triggering of DNA synthesis so DNA is not replicated more than one in a cycle

62
Q

APC- how’s it activated? what are its two main jobs?

A

Anaphase Promoting Complex; activated by M-Cdk, it inactivates securin which is an inhibitor of separase which promaotes the destruction of cohesin and allows attached chromatids to separate; also destroys CDK activity, ending M phase and initiating cytokenesis

63
Q

Securin- what does it do?

A

inhibits separase

64
Q

Seperase- what does it do?

A

promotes destruction of cohesin and subsequently the separation of attached chromatids

65
Q

Cyclin B-

A

ubiquinated by APC for destruction, abolishes CDK activity ending M phase

66
Q

ubiquinated by APC for destruction, abolishes CDK activity ending M phase

67
Q

G1 checkpoint requirements-

A

if extracellular environment is favorable→ G1/S cyclin and Cdk synthesis and progression into S phase

68
Q

if extracellular environment is favorable→ G1/S cyclin and Cdk synthesis and progression into S phase is called:

A

G1 checkpoint

69
Q

G2/M checkpoint-

A

makes sure environment is favorable and all DNA is replicated for transition into M phase

70
Q

M phase checkpoint-

A

ATM/ATR kinases activate if the detect DNA damage; they in turn activate Chk1/Chk2 kinases which phosphorylate p53; p53 is a transcription factor for CKI p21 which blocks Cdk activity and halts cell cycle for attempted DNA repair

71
Q

ATM/ATR kinases activate if the detect DNA damage; they in turn activate Chk1/Chk2 kinases which phosphorylate p53; p53 is a transcription factor for CKI p21 which blocks Cdk activity and halts cell cycle for attempted DNA repair

A

M phase checkpoint

72
Q

ATM/ATR kinases-

A

sense DNA damage during M phase checkpoint and activate Chk1/Chk2 kinases if damage exists

73
Q

sense DNA damage during M phase checkpoint and activate Chk1/Chk2 kinases if damage exists

A

ATM/ATR kinase

74
Q

Chk1/Chk2 kinases-

A

activated by ATM/ATR when DNA damage is present in M phase; the phosphorylate and activate p53

75
Q

activated by ATM/ATR when DNA damage is present in M phase; the phosphorylate and activate p53:

A

Chk1/Chk2 kinases

76
Q

What is the function of p53-

A

critically important protein activated by Chk1/Chk2 and upregulated when DNA damage is present in M phase. p53 functions as a transcription factor for CKI 21 which blocks Cdk activity and halts cell cycle

77
Q

critically important protein activated by Chk1/Chk2 and upregulated when DNA damage is present in M phase. functions as a transcription factor for CKI 21 which blocks Cdk activity and halts cell cycle

78
Q

Spindle checkpoint-

A

unattached kinetochores activate Bub and MAD2 proteins which inhibit activation of APC thereby blocking anaphase initiation and Cdk destruction; this keeps the cell in pro/metaphase until all kinetochores can bind to microtubules and become aligned in metaphase plate

79
Q

unattached kinetochores activate Bub and MAD2 proteins which inhibit activation of APC thereby blocking anaphase initiation and Cdk destruction; this keeps the cell in pro/metaphase until all kinetochores can bind to microtubules and become aligned in metaphase plate

A

Spindle checkpoint

80
Q

Bub-

A

protein activated by unattached kinetochores that inhibits APC and prevents progression into anaphase until all kinetochores are attached to microtubules

81
Q

MAD2-

A

protein activated by unattached kinetochores that inhibits APC and prevents progression into anaphase until all kinetochores are attached to microtubules

82
Q

Oncogenes-

A

mutated genes whose presence can stimulate the development of cancer

83
Q

Tumor suppressor genes-

A

normal genes whose ABSENCE can lead to cancer

Foundations (17 decks)

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