Cell cycle regulation (the deev)

Question 1

Where cell undergoes normal growth and metabolism while also preparing for cell division.

Answer 1

Interphase

Question 2

Know steps of mitosis…

Answer 2

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

Question 3

True/False: majority of cells in the human body have irreversibly withdrawn from the cell cycle into what 2 place?

Answer 3

a terminally differentiated state (not able to return to cell cycle)
a reversible quiescient G0 resting state (is capable of returning to cell cycle)

Question 4

State where the cell is neither dividing nor preparing to divide.

Answer 4

Quiescent state

Question 5

What is the checkpoint where the cell checks for cell size and accurate DNA replication.

Answer 5

G2 checkpoint

Question 6

What is the checkpoint where the cell checks for chromosome attachment to the spindle.

Answer 6

M checkpoint

Question 7

What is the checkpoint where the cell checks for cell size, nutrients, growth factors, and DNA damage?

Answer 7

G1 checkpoint

Question 8

What is the resting stage called?

Answer 8

G0

Question 9

2 types of regulatory molecules?

Answer 9

Positive regulators

Negative regulators

Question 10

What are some examples of positive regulators?

Answer 10

Cyclins A B C D and E

Question 11

What is the correlation that is important with the positive regulators, cyclins?

Answer 11

Different cyclin accumulations correlates to the 3 major cell cycle checkpoints.

Question 12

Cyclins are active when bound to the __________ _____.

Answer 12

Cyclin dependent kinase

Question 13

What are the 3 negative regulators that we need to know?

Answer 13

Rb (retinoblastoma protein)
p53
p21

Question 14

What does Rb do?

Answer 14

Prevents initiation of the cell cycle in G1 phase by

binding to E2F (factor necessary for transcription initiation) and transcription is blocked

Question 15

What does p53 do?

Answer 15

transcription activator, induces cell cycle arrest

Question 16

What does p21 do?

Answer 16

prevents cell-cycle progression by:

• inhibiting activity of cyclin E-associated CDK2
• therefore preventing E2F-mediated gene transcription and cell cycle progression

Question 17

What are external stimuli that cause cells to proliferate (i.e. return to G1 if in G0)

Answer 17

Mitogens

Question 18

What is cel-matrix contact signal?

Answer 18

Mitogenic

Question 19

What is cell- to-cell contact signal? tells cell there is no more space and they need to stop dividing

Answer 19

Antimitogenic signal (contact inhibition)

Question 20

List some growth factors: there are 6 she listed

Answer 20

PDGF- Platelet-derived growth factor
EGF- Epidermal growth factor
FGF- Fibroblast growth factor
IFG-1- Insulin-like growth factor 1
VEGF- Vascular endothelial grwoth factor
NGF- Nerve growth factor

Question 21

Uncontrolled cell division is what?

Answer 21

Cancer

Question 22

Abnormal uncontrolled cell cycle over period of time can lead to development of ________.

Answer 22

Neoplasms (tumors)

NEO FROM THE MOVIE MATRIX IS ABNORMAL

Question 23

Mutated normal genes that encode positive cell cycle regulators that cause a cell to become cancerous

Answer 23

Oncogenes

Question 24

Why do oncogenes lead to cancer?

Answer 24

Now we have positive regulator, stimulates cell division all the time! cells divide and keep dividing… (‘ON CALL’ GENES– THEY JUST KEEP WORKING)

Question 25

Genes that encode for negative regulator proteins that will suppress uncontrolled cell division? What are some examples of this?

Answer 25

Tumor suppressor genes

Rb, p53, p21