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Cell Biology and Genetics > Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Cell Cycle Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the two major types of cell division

A

Meiosis and Mitosis

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2
Q

What cell division do somatic cells undergo

A

Mitosis

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3
Q

What cell division do germ cells undergo

A

Meiosis

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4
Q

What happens during G1 - 3

A

The cell grows, prepares DNA for replication by creating protiens and enzymes, DNA is checked for damage

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5
Q

What happens in S-phase

A

DNA replication - produces two sister chromatids for each chromosome

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6
Q

What happens during G2 Phase - 2

A

The cell grows, centrosomes are duplicated

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7
Q

What happens in M-phase

A

Mitosis occurs

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8
Q

Whats a karyotype

A

mitotic cells highlighted in dye for the study of chromosomes

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9
Q

difference between sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes

A

sister are identical copies of a chromosome
homologous are a pair of chromosomes from parents

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10
Q

What are CDK’s

A

Enzyme that regulates the cell cycle

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11
Q

How do CDK’s work

A

using phosphorylation and a cyclin to become active

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12
Q

Function of cyclins

A

bind to CDK’s to become active and regulate stages of the cell cycle

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13
Q

How do APC/C function

A

triggers transition from metaphase to anaphase by marking securin for degradation activating separase

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14
Q

Mitosis sequence

A

PPMAT

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15
Q

What happens during metaphase

A

Chromosomes align in the equator

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16
Q

what happens in prophase -3

A

chromosomes condense, microtubules begin to form, centrosomes move to the poles of the cell

17
Q

how are sister chromatids separated and when

A

anaphase, kinetochores attach spindle fibres and pull to poles after centromere separate

18
Q

role of telophase -2

A

nuclear envelope begins to form again with sister chromatids reaching poles

19
Q

Whats cytokinesis

A

the division of the cytoplasm

20
Q

role of CDK-cyclin complex

A

control transitions between phases of the cell

21
Q

how are cyclin levels controlled

A

transcription and degradation

22
Q

What is the spindle assembly checkpoint

A

ensures all chromosomes are properly attached to spindle fibres before anaphase

23
Q

how does the G1/S checkpoint control progression?

A

checks for DNA damage, ensures the environment is favourable for DNA replication

24
Q

role of CDK inhibitor

A

pauses cell cycle

25
Q

example of when is a CDK inhibitor used

A

When DNA is damaged

26
Q

whats crossing over

A

exchange of genetic material to homologous chromosomes

27
Q

when does crossing over happen

A

prophase

28
Q

What is the result of random assortment in meiosis

A

genetically unique gametes

29
Q

why is meiosis important

A

half chromosome numbers for the formation of gametes to make a diploid zygote

30
Q

whats a diploid

A

has two sets of chromosomes

31
Q

whats a haploid

A

only contains one set of chromosomes

32
Q

example of haploid

A

gamete

33
Q

What does cyclin D bind too

A

CDK4 or 6

34
Q

What does CDK4 or 6 bind too

A

Cyclin D

35
Q

What does CDK 2 bind too

A

Cyclin E or A

36
Q

What does CDK1 bind too

A

Cyclin B

37
Q

What does cyclin E activate

A

CDK2

38
Q

What does cyclin A activate

A

CDK2

39
Q

What does cyclin B activate

A

CDK1

Cell Biology and Genetics (11 decks)

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