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Unit 2 Cell - 12 Bio > Cell Communication And Signal Transduction Pathway > Flashcards

Cell Communication And Signal Transduction Pathway Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 3 stages of cell signaling?

A

Reception, transduction, response

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of cellular messaging?

A

Local signaling, local regulators, long distance signaling (hormones)

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3
Q

Local signaling

A

Animal and plant cell have cell junctions that directly connect to the cytoplasm of adjacent cells and signaling mediators in cytoplasm are passed directly

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4
Q

What is a type/ example of local signaling?

A

Cell to cell recognition
2 animal cells communicate by interactions of membrane receptors

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5
Q

Local regulators and 2 examples of it

A

A type of local signaling where messenger molecules travel short distances to bind to receptors of local regulators
Paracrine
Synaptic

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6
Q

Paracrine signaling

A

Growth factors are secreted which locally influence the growth and division of local cells

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7
Q

Synaptic signaling

A

Animal nervous system
Occur in narrow space between 2 nerve cells known as synapse
Neurotransmitters recreate chemical signal and it binds to receptors of adjacent cell to translate nerve impulse

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8
Q

Tf: both local and long distance signaling can recognize signaling moleutes given by specific target cells

A

Tru

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9
Q

What is the path of synaptic signaling?

A

Electrical signal → chemical signal → electrical signal

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10
Q

Long distance signaling

A

Hormones are an example of endocrine signaling in animals
Carried in the bloodstream

Plants also secrete hormones into the air to promote ripening

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11
Q
  1. Reception
A

Chemical signal detected when molecule binds to receptor
Inside or outside cell
Receptors are specific for certain ligand lock and key )
Ligand binding: change 3d shape of receptor → actives receptors → receptors interact with relay molecules
Ligand binding CAN: several receptors on cell membrane → further signal transduction

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12
Q
  1. Transduction
A

Bounded receptor changes to affect relay molecules in signal transduction pathway

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13
Q
  1. Response
A

Cellular response is triggered
Cellar response can be cytoplasmic cell processes) or nuclear(gene transcription)

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14
Q

Where are hormones made?

A

Brain and pancrease

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15
Q

Explain yeast

A
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16
Q

3 main categories of transmembrane receptors

A

G-protein coupled receptors
Receptor tyrosine kinases
Ion channel receptors

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17
Q

G-protein coupled receptors

A

① ligand binds to gpcr which turns on g-protein with conformation change
② The active g-protein binds to g-protein linked receptor where GDP → gtp phosphorylation and alpha subunit
Active g-protein is alpha subunits with gtp instead of GDP
③ activated g-protein binds to aderylyl cyclase by giving phosphate
④ g-protem is now inactive and retains to og

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18
Q

Receptor tyrosine kinases

A

① ligand binds to binding site found in extracellular domain and receptor tyrosine kinase gets phosphorylated
② 2 halves come together = dimer
③ tyrosine is activated by dimerization and each tyrosine kinase adds phosphate from ATP
④ this phosphate can binds with relay proteins

19
Q

Ion channel receptors

A

Has gate and changes shape found in nervous system
① ligand bind
② channel gate opens and ions flow in
③ when concentration is reached the ligand unbinds
④ gate closes

20
Q

Intracellelar receptors

A

Found in cytoplasm or nucleoplasm
Eg. Hormones testosterone
Are nonpolar/hydrophobic

21
Q

Purpose of signal transduction pathway

A

Amplify signal
Better regulation and fire-tuning of signal

22
Q

What are some ways pathways may active next protein

A

Phosphorlyation or de phosphorylation
-3d shape change
Releasing small molecules/ions like secondary messengers

23
Q

Protein kinase

A

Enzyme transferring phosphate group from ATP to other molecules
Many relay molecules are protein kinase

24
Q

Phosphorylation targets

A

Serine or threonine

25
Q

Protein phosphates

A

Enzymes removing phosphate groups fromproteins which turn off signal transduction pathway
-Recycle protein kinase

26
Q

What regulates activities on and off switch

A

Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation
Dependent on the balance of active kinase and active phosphates enzymes

27
Q

Second messengers

A

Small water-soluble which pass through cell membrane by diffusion
Found in both g-protei coupled receptor and receptor tyrosine kinase
-Cyclic amp
-Calcium ions

28
Q

C amp

A

Second messenger
Converts ATP → camp is what adenylyl cycles does
Camp is deactivated with phosphatase (dephosphorylation)
- eg. when it phosphorylates protemkinase A
Discovered by Sutherland when epinephrine caused glycogen to breakdown but nothing was passing though plasma membrane

29
Q

Calcium ions

A

Second messenger
Stimulate growth factors, hormone andneurotransmittes
Using calcium flux

30
Q

Which second messenger is more prominent camp or Ca

A

Calcium

31
Q

What does Ca influence?

A

Muscle cell contraction
Secretion of certain molecules
Cell division
Nerve impulse

32
Q

What is inositol triphophate IP3

A

Second messenger
Stimulate release of calcium ions from Er

33
Q

Diacylglycerol DAG

A

Second messenger
Other signaling pathway not related to Ca release

34
Q

What does pip 2 breakdown into

A

DAG IP3

35
Q

How is pip 2 produced?

A

The cleavage of plasma membrane lipid cleaved in half to produce pip 2→ DAG and IP3

36
Q

Nuclear cellular responses

A

Regulate protein synthesis in nucleus
- transcription factors work to turn off and on genes encoding for protein → mRNA → protein encoded by specific gene

37
Q

Cytoplasmic cellular responses

A

Regulates protein function in cytoplasm
- opening and closing ion channels
- regulating enzyme functions
- fine-tuning metabolism

38
Q

Scaffold protein

A

Large relay proteins to which several other relay proteas can attach to

39
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

40
Q

Which cells undergo apoptusts?

A

Infected cells, damaged, reached end of functional life span

41
Q

Process of apoptosis

A

DNA and organelles are fragmented (packaged in vesicles)
Cell shrinks in size and bless are formed
Scavenger cells recognize apuptotic cells and engulf for safe disposal

42
Q

How does apoptosis work?

A

Proteases called caspases are activated to degrade cellular protein
- 15 caspases involved in apoptotic pathurys
- signaling depends on which caspase

43
Q

What is aprominent apoptotic pathway starter in cell

A

Leakage of proteins from mitochondria

44
Q

Process of apoptosis signal

A

Cell death trigger(extrucellular) → pores of mitochondrial membrane → leakage of cytochrome c→ activates cell death protease ced-3, ced-4 (which is normally inhibit by ced-9

Unit 2 Cell - 12 Bio (7 decks)

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