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Cell communication Flashcards

1
Q

Essential parts of a cell signaling pathway

A 
Signal (hormone, neurotransmitter, chemical)
Receptor
Signaling molecule
Effector (causes change)
Secondary messenger (ex- Ca+2)
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2
Q

Importance of cell communication

A 
Differentiation
Survival
Coordination of systems
Gene expression and regulation
Grow/reproduce
Transportation
Movement
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3
Q

Signal transduction

A

Converting one type of signal to another

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4
Q

Extracellular signal converted into intracellular signal

A 
Signal arrives at cell
Designated receptor perceives signal
Signal is transmitted into cell
Signal is passed to various signaling components
Signal arrives at destination
Signal is turned off
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5
Q

First messenger

A

Extracellular substance/molecule that initiates signal

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6
Q

Receptor

A

Binds specifically to first messenger

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7
Q

Ligand

A

Molecule that binds to another

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8
Q

Cascade

A

Events that happen in a specific order after a stimulus (first messenger binds to receptor)

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9
Q

Second messenger

A

Intermediate non-protein molecules that relay signal

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10
Q

Response

A

What happens to the cell (change in gene expression and/or change in protein activity)

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11
Q

Effector protein

A

Affects the behavior of a cell

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12
Q

Mating pathway of yeast

A

Mating type a has a factor (mating pheromone)

a factor binds to protein, triggering cell arrest (use energy to fuse rather than to grow) and then cell fusion

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13
Q

Common themes in cell signaling

A

Specificity: a cell is bombarded with signals (can choose to respond or to ignore)
Amplification: small amount of signal can have big effects on a cell
Cross talk: many signaling cascades happening at once
Concentration: how the cell concentrates and compartmentalizes a signal

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14
Q

Signaling molecules

A 
Hormones
Neurotransmitters
2nd messengers (Ca+2)
Growth factors
Pheromones
Amino acids
Proteins 
Ions
Nucleic acids
Lipids
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15
Q

Endocrine signaling

A

Endocrine cells make signaling molecules (hormones)
Hormone travels through bloodstream to target tissue
Target cells recognize signal

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16
Q

Insulin signaling

A

Example of endocrine signaling
Sugar in bloodstream triggers release of insulin from pancreas
Insulin travels to target (example: muscle) and causes target cells to take up glucose

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17
Q

Paracrine signaling

A

Signal is made in one cell and diffuses through extracellular fluid to target cell

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18
Q

Epidermal growth factor

A

Protein that is made in one cell and triggers cell proliferation in a different cell
Example of paracrine signaling

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19
Q

Autocrine signaling

A

Signal is made, secreted, and recognized by the same cell

Reinforcement of signal

20
Q

Neuronal signaling

A

Neurotransmitter is made by neuron
Travels down axon and crosses synapse
Received by target cell

21
Q

Juxtracrine signaling (contact-dependent signaling)

A

Involves direct physical contact of 2 cells
1 cell has receptor anchored in plasma membrane
Other cell has signal anchored in membrane

22
Q

Nerve cell formation

A

Nerve cell develops from unspecialized epithelial cells in embryo
Nerve cell has membrane-bound inhibitory signal protein (Delta) that attaches to receptor protein (Notch) bound to epithelial cells
Epithelial cells are inhibited from becoming neurons

23
Q

Varying effects of acetylcholine

A

Heart muscle cell: decreased rate and force of contraction
Salivary gland cell: secretion of saliva
Skeletal muscle cell: contraction

24
Q

Cell receiving multiple signals at once

A

1 signal can modify another signal (cross talk)
3 survival signals: survive
3 survival signals + 2 grow and divide signals: grow and divide
No survival signals: death

25
Types of cell responses to signal
Fast: altered protein function Slow: altered protein synthesis
26
2 types of receptors
``` Cell surface receptors (signal is large hydrophilic molecule- can't cross membrane) Intracellular receptors (signal is small hydrophobic molecule- can cross membrane) ```
27
Small hydrophobic hormones
Can cross membrane | Estradiol, testosterone, cortisol
28
Intracellular receptors and response elements
Cortisol (stress hormone) binds to nuclear receptor protein, causing conformational change that activates protein Activated receptor-cortisol complex moves into nucleus Complex binds to regulatory region of target gene (hormone response element) and activates transcription
29
Dissolved gas signals
NO (nitric oxide) Acetylcholine binds to endothelial cell -> amino acid arginine releases NO -> NO diffuses across membranes -> binds to target protein of smooth muscle cell, causing relaxation of cell
30
Roles of intracellular signaling molecules
``` Relay and spread signal throughout cell Amplify signal Integrate several signals Distribute signal to more than 1 pathway Compartmentalization of signal (scaffolding, cytoplasmic hotspots, lipid rafts) ```
31
Signaling molecules acting as molecular switches
Phosphorylation either activates or deactivates molecule
32
3 types of cell receptors
Ion channel coupled receptors G-protein coupled receptors Enzyme coupled receptors
33
Ion channel coupled receptors
Signal molecule binds to ligand-gated channel | Channel opens, allowing ions across cell membrane into cytosol
34
G-protein
Protein modulated by GTP
35
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)
Receptor has 7 transmembrane domains Signal binds to GPCR Heterotrimeric G-protein's GDP is transformed into GTP Activated alpha subunit (GTP bound) separates from activated beta-gamma complex Turn off signal: hydrolyze GTP to GDP Alpha subunit re-binds to beta-gamma complex
36
Kinase
Enzyme that phosphorylates molecules | Cell signaling: phosphorylation activates molecules
37
Regulation of ion channels by G-proteins
Activated alpha subunit separates from activated beta-gamma complex Beta-gamma complex combines with ligand-gated ion channel, opening it
38
Activation of enzymes by G-proteins
Activated alpha subunit binds to adenyl cyclase | Adenyl cyclase catalyzes transformation of ATP to cyclic AMP
39
Cyclic AMP
Secondary messenger | Synthesized from ATP
40
Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase a (PKA) in neurons
Initial activation: adrenaline GPCR activates alpha subunit, which activates adenyl cyclase, which turns ATP into cAMP cAMP activates PKA PKA enters nucleus and activates transcription regulator Transcription of gene
41
cAMP-dependent PKA in skeletal muscle
Initial activation: adrenaline GPCR activates alpha subunit, which activates adenyl cyclase, which turns ATP into cAMP cAMP activates PKA PKA activates phosphorylase kinase, which activates glycogen phosphorylase Glycogen breakdown
42
Phospholipids as secondary messengers
Signal activates GPCR, which activates alpha subunit, which activates phospholipase C Phospholipase C cleaves phospholipid into 2 parts: diacylglycerol (stays in membrane) and IP3 (secondary messenger) IP3 binds to ligand-gated Ca+2 channel in ER, causing it to open
43
Calmodulin
Binds to Ca+2 -> conformation change -> activation of another kinase
44
Enzyme-coupled receptors
Dimer molecule binds to receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), activating it Autophosphorylation of RTK: one molecule of RTK phosphorylates other (2 molecules present) RTK becomes phosphotyrosine and is recognized by signaling proteins
45
Ras Pathway
1. Signal molecule binds to RTK 2. RTK is activated 3. RTK activates Ras-activating protein 4. GDP is phosphorylated into GTP and binds to Ras protein, activating it 5. Activated Ras protein binds to MAP (mitogen-activating protein) kinase kinase kinase 6. MAP kinase kinase kinase hydrolyzes ATP and phosphorylates MAP kinase kinase, activating it 7. MAP kinase kinase hydrolyzes ATP and phosphorylates MAP kinase, activating it 8. MAP kinase hydrolyzes ATP and phosphorylates either a protein or a transcription factor, causing either changes in protein activity or gene expression

Cell Bio (15 decks)

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