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BIOH111 > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Define Organelles

A

Specialised structures with characteristic shape and specific functions.

Each has its own enzymes that carry out specific functions.

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2
Q

Name 3 organelles.

A

Ribosomes
Mitochondrion
Lysosomes

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3
Q

Describe the structure and 1 function of a ribosome.

A
  • consists of 2 sub-units (large and small)
  • synthesised in the nucleus
  • constructed in the cytoplasm (when required)
  • attached to nuclear membrane, rough ER, within mitochondria or free in cytosol
  • FUNC - site of protein synthesis
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4
Q

Describe the structure and 1 function of a mitochondrion.

A
  • double membrane-bound organelles
  • outer membrane is smooth
  • inner membrane arranged in folds (cristae)
  • FUNC - site of ATP production
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5
Q

Describe the structure and 1 function of lysosomes.

A
  • membrane enclosed vesicles
  • formed in Golgi complex
  • contains digestive and hydrolytic enzymes
  • FUNC - digest endocytic vesicles, recycle worn out cell structures (autophagy)
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6
Q

Define Gene Expression.

A

The process by which the instructions in our DNA are converted into a functional product such as a protein.

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7
Q

Name the 2 cellular processes involved in gene expression - in the order they occur.

A
  • transcription

* translation

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8
Q

Define transcription and translation.

A
  • Transcription - genetic info encoded in DNA is copied onto a strand of messenger RNA.
  • Translation - mRNA nucleotide sequence is read to determine AA sequence of the protein
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9
Q

Translation and Transcription each have 3 steps, name them in correct order.

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
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10
Q

Name the two transport mechanisms that allow GLUCOSE to enter the cell.

A
  1. Facilitated Transport

2. Active Transport

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11
Q

Define Facilitated Diffusion.

A

A type of PASSIVE transport whereby solutes move across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins. Two types:

  1. channel-mediated FD
  2. carrier-mediated FD
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12
Q

Explain how glucose moves across the membrane using Facilitated Diffusion.

A
  1. glucose in ECF binds to a specific type of transporter protein (GluT) on the outside of membrane.
  2. transporter changes shape to allow glucose to pass through.
  3. transporter releases glucose into cytosol.
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13
Q

Define the process of ACTIVE transport.

A

an energy-requiring process that moves solutes via carrier proteins against the concentration gradient.
2 types:
1. secondary
2. primary

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14
Q

Explain in detail how glucose moves across the membrane utilising active transport.

A
  1. PRIMARY active transport via Na+/K PUMP (drives increase of Na+ outside cell)
  2. Na+ travels down conc. gradient via cell symporter
  3. glucose enters cell against conc. gradient via same cell SYMPORTER.
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15
Q

Define active transport (primary)

A

energy derived from the HYDROLYSIS of ATP pumps a substance across plasma membrane against it’s concentration

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16
Q

Define secondary active transport

A

Energy STORED in a Na+ or H+ conc. gradient drives other substances against their own conc. gradient through CARRIER PROTEINS. (cotransporter)

17
Q

Describe how GLUCOSE is actively transported across cell membrane.

A
  1. PRIMARY active transport via Na+/K pump (drives increase of Na+ outside cell)
  2. Na+ travels down conc. gradient via cell SYMPORTER
  3. glucose enters cell against conc. gradient via SAME cell symporter.
18
Q

Describe how CALCIUM is actively transported across the cell membrane.

A
  1. PRIMARY active transport via Na+/K= ATPase drives increase of Na+ outside the cell. (3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in)
  2. Na+ travels down conc. gradient and enters cell via ANTIPORTER.
  3. Calcium exits cell against conc. gradient via same antiporter.
19
Q

Describe one event that occurs during interphase

A

G1 phase

  • cell metabolic rate increases
  • organelles and cytosolic components duplicated
20
Q

Identify the 4 phases of mitosis in the correct order they occur

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
21
Q

Describe 1 event that occurs in Prophase

A

chromatin condenses and shortens into visible chromosomes

22
Q

Describe 1 event that occurs in Metaphase

A

microtubules of mitotic spindle align centromeres of chromatid pair at centre of mitotic spindle

23
Q

Describe 1 event that occurs in Anaphase

A

centromeres split separating the 2 members of each chromatid pair

24
Q

Describe 1 event that occurs in Telophase

A

chromosomes uncoil and revert to thread-like chromatin form

BIOH111 (8 decks)

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