Cell Bio

Question 1

What happens in prophase?

Answer 1

The chromatins coils and forms the shape of an “x”. The nucleus membrane starts to dissolve. The centrosomes will begin to move to the opposite side of the cell.

Question 2

What is a chromotin?

Answer 2

Referring to the DNA structure when it is loose and messy

Question 3

What is a chromotid?

Answer 3

Referring to the DNA molecule when it is more structured

Question 4

How many chromotids are there during prophase?

Answer 4

92 chromatids. They are paired into 46 chromosomes

Question 5

What happens during metaphase?

Answer 5

The kinetochores form at the centromere. The nucleus membrane completely dissolves. The centrosomes have reached the opposite side of cell. The chromosomes begin to line up at the metaphase plate(center of cell). The microtubule spindles from the centrosomes will attach to the kinetochores on the centromere on every chromosome. Each chromosome should have a microtubule attached to it from a centrosome.

Question 6

What is kinetochore?

Answer 6

A protein structure that is found on the centromere and the microtubule spindle

Question 7

When is the start of anaphase?

Answer 7

When all chromosomes are attached to the microtubules.

Question 8

What happens during anaphase?

Answer 8

The sister chromatids and chromosomes are pulled away from each other, 46 chromatids and chromosomes are pulled to each side of the cell. There is a mix of paternal and maternal material on each side. The cell begins to elongate.

Question 9

What happens during telophase?

Answer 9

A nuclear membrane is formed around each group of chromosomes including the centrosomes. The centrosomes begin to release the chromosomes and the organelles begin to move to their proper place. The centrosomes moves out of the nucleus. A cleavage furrow pinches the parent cell into two identical daughter cells. Each daughter cell will have 46 chromatids and 46 chromosomes. Lastly, the chromatids will uncoil(now called chromatins).

Question 10

What is cytokinesis?

Answer 10

The cleavage furrow pinching and separating the parent cell into two daughter cells

Question 11

What is a cleavage furrow?

Answer 11

The areas of a cell that are pinched, cutting the cell into two daughter cells during telophase.

Question 12

Where are the checkpoints in the cell cycle?

Answer 12

One between G1 and S phase
One between G2 and prophase(mitosis)
One between metaphase and anaphase

Question 13

What happens when a cell doesn’t pass a checkpoint?

Answer 13

The cell will go into growth arrest

Question 14

What stimulates growth arrest?

Answer 14

Infection
insufficient amount of nutrients
damaged or incomplete DNA
Chromosomes not properly lined up on metaphase plate
And more

Question 15

What are the three different states that cells can be in when not in the cell cycle, checkpoint or arrest?

Answer 15

Quiescent state
Senescence state
Apoptosis state

Question 16

What is quiescent state?

Answer 16

The state where cells remain dormant until stimulated

Question 17

What is Senescent state?

Answer 17

The state where cells permanently do not enter the cell cycle. Ex. A cell with permanently damaged DNA or naturally old cells

Question 18

What is apoptosis?

Answer 18

Cells that die once they complete their function

Question 19

What are the three types of cells?

Answer 19

Stable cells, labile cells, permanent cells

Question 20

What is G0?

Answer 20

Resting phase where cells do their normal functions

Question 21

What are stable cells?

Answer 21

Cells that only go in cell cycle when stimulated. Not in cell cycle often. Mostly in G0.

Question 22

What is labile cells?

Answer 22

Cells that are always in the cell cycle. Never goes into G0.

Question 23

What are permanent cells?

Answer 23

Cells that go into the cell cycle once.

Question 24

What state are stable cells often in?

Answer 24

Quiescent state

Question 25

What state does labile cells undergo?

Answer 25

Apoptosis

Question 26

What state are permanent cells often in?

Answer 26

Senescence state

Question 27

What are the two main parts of meiosis?

Answer 27

Meiosis 1 and meiosis 2