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Biology - Unit 1 > Cell and Tissue Culture > Flashcards

Cell and Tissue Culture Flashcards

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1
Q

What is cell and tissue culture?

A

The growth of cells tissues or organs in artificial media in a laboratory.

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2
Q

What can culturing produce?

A

Genetically identical clones of an initial cell sample.

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3
Q

What ways can cells be grown?

A

In suspension using a liquid medium

Or within a solid medium (substrate) such as agar jelly.

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4
Q

How are anaerobic organisms cultured?

A

In non-aerated suspension or within agar.

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5
Q

What can be done to prevent inoculation with cells and spores?

A

Use of sterile materials.

Treatment of source tissue

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6
Q

What is the effect of contamination?

A

Bacteria or fungal contamination will rapidly outcompete and spoil culture of slower growing plant or animal cells.

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7
Q

What can strains be cultured in?

A

Suspension and fermenters

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8
Q

What does nutrient agar contain?

A

Agar with peptides and beef extract added

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9
Q

What does malt agar contain?

A

Agar with malt extract added

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10
Q

Why are plates incubated at temperatures other than body temperature?

A

To reduce the chance of culturing harmful pathogens

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11
Q

In mammalian cell culture what is contained in the complex growth factor?

A

Growth factors, and antibiotics.

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12
Q

What can growth factors be provided by?

A

The addition of an animal serum, such as foetal bovine serum.

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13
Q

What is foetal bovine serum?

A

It is a mixture containing growth factors, proteins, salts, vitamins and glucose.

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14
Q

What is the purpose of adding antibiotics

A

To minimise the chances of spoilage by microorganisms

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15
Q

How are cells or culture detached from the source tissue.

A

Using proteolytic enzymes such as trypsin.

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16
Q

What happens after the mammalian cells are added to the flask?

A

They adhere to the surface of the agar
Flatten or spread out
Start to divide

17
Q

What is the name given to a layer one cell thick?

A

A monolayer

18
Q

When do the cells stop dividing?

A

When the cells are confluent, they have completely covered the surface.

19
Q

How do you keep a cloned cell line alive?

A

Some of the cells must be subcultured into a new flask as the nutrients in the medium get used up.

20
Q

How are the cells removed from the monolayer?

A

Using proteolytic enzymes.

21
Q

What is the Hayflick limit?

A

The maximum number of times a cell can divide before dying

22
Q

What does the Hayflick limit result in?

A

Reduces the length of time a culture can be maintained

23
Q

Where can you find immortal cell lines?

A

From those derived from cancer cells or stem cells, which can be subcultured indefinitely.

24
Q

Why are stem cells desirable for tissue culture?

A

They are pluripotent or even totipotent

25
Q

Why are Murishige and Skoog slats used in a plant growth medium?

A

They contain an appropriate balance of macronutrients, micronutrients, carbon sources and vitamins

26
Q

What can also be added to stimulated differentiation in plant cells?

A

Growth regulators such as cytokinins and auxins.

27
Q

What can plant cells be described as?

A

Totipotent

28
Q

What do the two main methods of plant tissue culture use?

A

Explants or protoplasts

29
Q

What are explants?

A

Small pieces of plant tissue that are placed on a solid medium to either promote shoot growth or callus growth..

30
Q

What is organ formation stimulated by?

A

Altering the ratio of cytokinins (to promote shoot growth) and auxins (to promote root growth).

31
Q

What enzymes are used to digest cell walls creating protoplasts?

A

Pectinase and cellulase

32
Q

How are the protoplasts grown?

A

In a liquid medium as a cell suspension culture.

They treated with growth regulators to induce embryogenesis to generate whole new embryonic plants.

33
Q

What can protoplasts be encouraged to form?

A

A callus

34
Q

What do cell suspension cultures allow?

A

Screening for beneficial traits or selection of virus free cells for cloning.
Used to harvest useful plant cell secretions

35
Q

Can you give examples of beneficial traits.

A

Heat or salinity tolerance.

36
Q

What is micropropagation?

A

The generation of many cloned plantlets from one source plant.

37
Q

What does micropropagation allow?

A

Rapid upscaling to field trials.

Biology - Unit 1 (22 decks)

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