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Cell and molecular biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a covalent bond

A

a bond where atoms share elections with similar electronegativity

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2
Q

What are the types of covalent bonds?

A
  1. polar unequal sharing with 2 atoms of different negativities
  2. non polar equal sharing with similar electric negativities
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3
Q

Hydrogen bonds occur between what elements

A

H with NOF

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4
Q

What is an ionic bond

A

one electron transfers to another atom of different electro negativities

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5
Q

water has a high or low heat capacity?

A

high because it takes a lot of energy for it to change the temperature

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6
Q

cohesion is _____ & is due to

A

why water is attracted to like substances & is due to hydrogen bonds

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7
Q

adhesion is

A

why water is attracted to unlike substances and is due to capillary action

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8
Q

Draw hydroxyl

A
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9
Q

Draw an amino

A
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10
Q

Draw a phosphate

A
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11
Q

Draw a carboxyl

A
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12
Q

Draw two carbonyls

A
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13
Q

what distinguishes alpha and beta monosacharided

A

alpha is down and beta is up

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14
Q

what keeps two sugar molecules together in disacharides

A

glycosidic links

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15
Q

polysacharides bond are formed by which kind of reaction? and broken by what reaction?

A

formed by dehydration, broken by hydrolysis

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16
Q

what are the three types of disacharided

A
  • Sucrose (fructose + glucose)
  • Lactose (galactose + glucose)
  • Maltose (glucose + glucose)
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17
Q

What is used for plant energy storage ? (Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin) What is this a polymer of?

A

startch

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18
Q

What is used for animal energy storage ? (Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin) What is this a polymer of?

A

glycogen

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19
Q

What is used for the structure of cell wall? (Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin) What is this a polymer of?

A

cellulose

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20
Q

What is used for the structure of fugus? (Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin) What is this a polymer of?

A

chitin

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21
Q

What is used for the structure of insect exoskeleton? (Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin) What is this a polymer of?

A

chitin

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22
Q

Chitin is similar to what complex cobohydrate? The difference us that it has what?

A

Chitin is similar to ____cellulose____ except it has __a nitrogen group (n-acetylcglucosamine)

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23
Q

What makes a tri glyceride

A

glycerol back bone and 3 fatty acid chains

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24
Q

difference between saturated and unsaturated fat

A
  • saturated ( they have no double bond and stack causing plaque so bad for your health cause)
  • unsaturated (they have a double bond don’t stack so good for your health)
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25
Q

what is amphipathic

A

it has a hydrophillic side and a hydrophobic side

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26
Q

A phospholipid is comprised of what

A

a glycerol back bone with a phosphate group attached to 2 fatty acid. A hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

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27
Q

hormones and cholesterol are both

A

steriods

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28
Q

steroids have what kind of structure( rings)

A

has 4 total ( 3 6-sided ring and 1 5-sided ring)

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29
Q

what makes the color of plants and animals

A

carotenoids

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30
Q

what is a carotenoid

A

it is a derivitave of lipid, made of fatty acid chain with 5/6 sided ring at each end. gives the color of plants and animals

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31
Q

what are porphyrins

A

it is made of 4 pyryol rings that complex with metals… like hem with iron or chlorophyll with Mg

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32
Q

brown vs white adipose cells

A

white have thin layer of cytoplasm around it and usually made of triglyceride

brown is made with thick layer of cytoplasm and lots of cytoplasm around it

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33
Q

what cell is made of lots of cytoplasm around it ……. what about a lot of triglyceride?

A

what cell is made of lots of cytoplasm.around it …… brown

a lot of triglyceride? brown

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34
Q

Glycolipid has a ____ group while phospholid has a ___ group

A

glycolipd has a carbohydrate instead of a phosphate group

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35
Q

what do lipoproteins do

A

they transport lipids since they are insoluble

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36
Q

how does increasing cholesterol affect cell membrane

A

increase fluidity or restricts movement

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37
Q

name the three important parts of an amino acid

A

amino group, alphacarbon with R group, carboxyl group

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38
Q

what is casein

A

protein in milk

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39
Q

what is oval bumin

A

protein in eggs

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40
Q

what is zein

A

protein in corn

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41
Q

enzymes (do/do not)change spontaneity

A

do not

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42
Q

what is amylase

A

it is a enzyme that breaks glycosidc bonds in startch

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43
Q

what is an apoenzyme

A

an enzyme with no cofactor

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44
Q

what is a holoenyme

A

an enzyme with a cofactor

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45
Q

what is a co enzyme

A

when an enzyme has an organic cofactor

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46
Q

what is a prosthetic group

A

when an enzyme is covalently bonded to cofactor

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47
Q

which is a vitamin ( apoenzyme, holoenzyme, co-enzyme, prosthetic group)

A

co enzyme

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48
Q

what is the difference between simple and conjugated protein classification

A

simple is made of only amino acids (protein)

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49
Q

What is albumin? (simple or conjugated protein)

A

simple; functional protein that transports or acts as an enzyme

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50
Q

what is globulins? (simple or conjugated protein?)

A

simple; functional protein that transports or acts as an enzyme

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51
Q

what is scleroprotein? (simple or conjugated protein?)

A

simple; structural protein

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52
Q

collagen is an example of (albumin, globulin, scleroprotein)

A

scleoprotein

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53
Q

what is a lipo protein (simple or conjugated protein?)

A

conjugated; lipid + protein

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54
Q

what is a mucoprotein (simple or conjugated protein?)

A

conjucated; carbohydrate + protein

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55
Q

`what is a chromoprotein(simple or conjugated protein?)

A

conjugated; protein + pigment

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56
Q

what is a metalloproetin(simple or conjugated protein?)

A

conjugated; protein + metal ion

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57
Q

what is a nucleoprotein(simple or conjugated protein?)

A

conjugated; histone/ protoamine + nucleic acid

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58
Q

What is the bond in between amino acids

A

Peptide bond

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59
Q

what bonding is in secondary stucture of proteins and what is it between

A

Hydrogen bond between amino and and carboxyl group

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60
Q

what bonding is in tertiary structure of protein

A
  1. non covalent: Hydrogen bonding Ionic bonding, vanderwall

2. Disulfide bond between cysteins

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61
Q

1,2,3,4 — What protein stucture is first disulfide bonds found

A

3

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62
Q

1,2,3,4 — What protein stucture are alpha or beta sheets found

A

2

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63
Q

1,2,3,4 — What protein stucturedo R groups go (towards/away) from eachother

A

3 go away

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64
Q

1,2,3,4 — What protein stucture contains more than one amino acid chain

A

4

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65
Q

What are globular proteins, what structure do they have

A

they are tertiery structured proteins that basiclly do everything functional like storage enzyme etc

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66
Q

fibrous structural proteins are usually (1,2,3,4) structure, they are (water soluble/not water soluble) and made of ______-

A

fibrous structural proteins are usually 2 structure, they are not and made of long polymers

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67
Q

globular structural proteins are usually (1,2,3,4) structure, they are (water soluble/not water soluble)

A

globular structural proteins are usually 3 structure, they are water soluble

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68
Q

difference between denatureing and digestion of proteins

A

denaturing puts the protein in its primary state, digestion elimates protein structure

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69
Q

draw nucleoside vs nucleotide

A
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70
Q

list pyrimidines and how many rings do they have

A

C U T 1 ring

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71
Q

list purines and how many rings do they have

A

AG 2 rings

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72
Q

RNA vs DNA for sugar

A

dna has deoxyribose and rna has a ribose sugar

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73
Q

enzymes are what kind of proteins?

A

globulare

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74
Q

what does catalysts do to activation energy

A

it reduces it

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75
Q

what are cofactor

A

non protein assist enzymes

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76
Q

inorganic cofactors are usually while organic cofactors are

A

Fe or Mg metal ions, vitamins

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77
Q

what is a competitive inhibitor. what does it do to Km or Vmax

A

when a molecule that mimics substrate competes for active site, it lowers Km

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78
Q

what is a non competitive inhibitor/activator. what does it do to Km or Vmax

A

When an inhibitor/activator attatched to allosteric site, it lowers vmax

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79
Q

what is a uncompetitve inhibitor bind to

A

it binds to enzyme substrate complex

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80
Q

what is Km

A

it michaelis : the concentration of the substate when Vmax/2

81
Q

what is allosteric binding

A

a binding outside the active site that can inhibit or activate

82
Q

The lower the Km the _____affinity meaning it needs ______ concentration of substrate

A

The lower the Km the __higher___affinity meaning it needs ___less___ concentration of substrate

83
Q

The higher the Km the _____affinity meaning it needs ______ concentration of substrate

A

The higher the Km the ___lower__affinity meaning it needs ____higher__ concentration of substrate

84
Q

what is cooperativity of enzyme

A

when one substrate binds the other substates are easily added on

85
Q

difference between carrier protein and transport protein

A

carrier changes shape and transport does not. Transport is for active transport and facilitative diffusion

86
Q

what protein is used for facilitative diffusion.

A

transport protein

87
Q

does active transport need atp

88
Q

does faccilitative diffusion need atp

89
Q

do prokaryotes have cholestrol

90
Q

what is glycocalyx

A

wax like substance that contains glyco-lipids/proteins and is used for defense and recognition and adhesion

91
Q

prokaryote have __n____ while eukaryotes have __n_____ for genetic material

A

prokaryote have __nucleoid____ while eukaryotes have __nucleous_____ for genetic material

92
Q

what is chromatid

A

is half of a chromosome

93
Q

what is chromosome

A

two chromatids

94
Q

what is chromatin

A

unwound dna with histones in nucleous

95
Q

what is a nucleosome

A

has 8 histones and chromosomes

96
Q

what is nucleolus

A

inside the nucleous

97
Q

what is nuclear lamina

A

supports DNA organization replication

98
Q

what is nuclear lamina made of

A

intermediate fillaments and membrane associated proteins

99
Q

most of metabolic activity happens in what part of the cell

100
Q

cytosol vs cytoplasm

A

cytosol is the jelly stuff and cytoplasm is the area that it is in

101
Q

what are ribosomes made of

102
Q

where are robosomes initially created

A

nucleolous

103
Q

for ribosomes in eukaryotic cells ______s _____s

105
Q

for ribosomes in prokaryotic cells ______s _____s

106
Q

how are glycoproteins created

A

the rough er adds polysacharides to polpeptides made by ribosomes

107
Q

what do smooth and rough er make

A

smooth = lipid and steroid hormones, rough makes glycoproteins

108
Q

what organelle holds Ca 2+ in muscle cells

109
Q

what organelle breaks down toxins in liver cells

110
Q

Lysosomes have a (high/low) pH

111
Q

what are cisternae and where are they found

A

in the golgi ther are sacs for packaging

112
Q

(peroxisomes or lysosome) are used to break down toxins in the liver and kindey

A

peroxisomes

113
Q

microtubules are made up of

A

protein tubulin

114
Q

flagella are made of

A

microtubules

115
Q

cilia are made of

A

microtubules

116
Q

Microtubles are for

A

support and movement

117
Q

intermediate filaments are for

A

support and shape

118
Q

microfilaments are for

A

cell movements

119
Q

plant cell replications -
(have/lack) centrioles
divide via (cell plate/cleavage furrow)
(have/lack)MTCOs

A

plant cell replications -
(lack) centrioles
divide via (cell plate)
(have)MTCOs

120
Q

animal cell replications -
(have/lack) centrioles
divide via (cell plate/cleavage furrow)
(have/lack)MTCOs

A

animal cell replications -
(have) centrioles
divide via (cleavage furrow)
(have)MTCOs

121
Q

MTOCs contain

A

centrosomes and basal bodies

122
Q

what is contrctile vacuoes? where is it found?

A

found in single celled protista, collect and pump water via active transport

123
Q

what cell lacks cell wall

124
Q

what makes up a cell wall in plants

125
Q

what makes up cell wall in fungi

126
Q

what makes up cell wall in bacteria

A

peptoglycans

127
Q

what makes up cell wall in arcaea

A

polyacharides

128
Q

what is the most common protein that attached adjacent cells

A

collagen, fibronecti, integrin

129
Q

what are ways the cell can attach to ecm

A

hemidesmosomes - intermediate filaments

focal adhesion - actin

130
Q

what is focal adhesion

A

attatches cell to ecm via actin

131
Q

what is hemidesmisome

A

attaches celll to ecm via micro filaments

132
Q

what is plastid

A

organelle found in plants which is the site for photosynthesis

133
Q

what is the site for fatty acid catbolism

A

mitochondia

134
Q

what is the site for beta oxidation

A

mitochondria

135
Q

animals cells ______ in hypertonic water

plant cells ______ in hypertonic water

A

animals cells ___shrink___ in hypertonic water

plant cells ____plasmolyze__ in hypertonic water

136
Q

animals cells ______ in hypotonic water

plant cells ______ in hypotonic water

A

animals cells __burst____ in hypotonic water

plant cells ___turgid___ in hypotonic water

137
Q

animals cells ______ in isotonic water

plant cells ______ in isotonic water

A

animals cells ___are normal___ in isotonic water

plant cells ___flacid___ in isotonic water

138
Q

endomembrane system is in charge of ….

A

packing, storing and transporting incudes organells that do so

139
Q

what is brownian movement

A

random movement due to kinetic energy spreading particles

140
Q

what is cyclosis

A

circular motion of cytoplasm within cell to transport molecules

141
Q

desmosmes what kind of junction

142
Q

gap junctions are synonymous to _____ in plant cells

A

plasmodesmata

143
Q

where are tight junctions found in body

A

digestive system

144
Q

what are adherens

A

connect 2 cells with actin

145
Q

what are focal adhesions

A

connect cell to ECM with actin

146
Q

what are hemidesmosomes

A

connect cell to ECM with keratin(intermediate filaments)

147
Q

what are desmosomes

A

connect 2 cells with keratin (intermediate filaments)

148
Q

chromatin (is/is not) found in prokaryotes

149
Q

Antiport vs symport. They are what type of transport

A

antiport
symport
active secondary transport

150
Q

what is group translocation

A

transportee changes chemically to go across membrane. it is only found in prokaryotes

151
Q

what kind of transportation chemically changes transported molecule? What kind of cell does this happen for?

A

translocation ,prokaryote

152
Q

what is the difference between phagocytosis vs pinocytosis

A

phagocytosis is large molecules and pinocytosis is dissolved material

153
Q

the larger the size the ____ the BMR the ______ BMR per kg

A

the larger the size the __higher__ the BMR the __less____ BMR per kg

154
Q

the smaller the size the ____ the BMR the ______ BMR per kg

A

the smaller the size the ___smaller_ the BMR the __larger____ BMR per kg

155
Q

cell increases in size and
lots of proteins and ribosomes are
synthesized. (G1,S,G2)

156
Q

DNA synthesis occurs where a new
DNA molecule is replicated from the
first, providing for sister chromatids.(G1,S,G2)

157
Q

Rapid cell growth occurs,
organelles are replicated, and genetic
material prepares for cell growth.(G1,S,G2)

158
Q

list the cell cycles, which are considered interphase

A

G1, S, G2, mitosis, cytokinesis…. G1, S, G2 are considered interphase

159
Q

More time is spent in (interphase/ mitosis)

A

interphase

160
Q

what is the most important check point in the cell cycle

161
Q

what is G0

A

it is when the cell is not dividing

162
Q

what are cyclin dependent kinases

A

enzyme that phosphoplate proteins that regulate the cycle

163
Q

what is density dependent inhibition

A

cell stop divinding when there is alot of cells already

164
Q

what is anchorage dependence

A

most cells divide when they are attatched to a surface or to other cells

165
Q

what is karyokinesis

A

nuclear division

166
Q

Fill in

167
Q

Fill in

168
Q

when SUrface area : to V is much (smaller/larger) then the exchange becomes much easier.

169
Q

does mitosis or meisis lead to genetic variation

170
Q

what is the products of beta oxidation and where does it ocurr in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

aceto COA, citrate and PGAL , FADH, NADH
prokaryotes- cytosol
eukaryotes-mitochondria

171
Q 
Which of the following organelles has the function of synthesizing lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, and detoxification of drugs?
 A. Golgi apparatus 
 B. Mitochondrion 
 C. Lysosome 
 D. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum 
 E. Nucleus
A

D. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

172
Q

what is missense mutation

A

when a mutation causes the creation of a different amino acid

173
Q

what is nonsense mutation

A

when the mutation makes a stop codon

174
Q

ETC happens in what part of the cell

A

mitochondria

175
Q

glycolysis occurs in what part of the cell

A

in the cytosol

176
Q 
All of the following molecules are produced in the cytosol during eukaryotic cellular respiration EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
 A. NADH 
 B. ATP 
 C. Acetyl-CoA 
 D. Pyruvate 
 E. ADP
A

C) acetyl COA

177
Q

desmosomes use _________

adherans use _________

A

desmosomes use ___karatin or intermediate filaments______

adherans use __actin _______

178
Q

endergonic and exergonic… which is catablism and what is anabolic

A

endergonic is anabolic

exergonic is catabolic

179
Q

is facilitated diffusion going down or up its concentration gradient

what about active transport?

180
Q

simple diffusion transports (charged or non charged molecules)

A

non charged

181
Q

what bond holds nucleotide together?

what bond holds 2 strands of dna together?

A

what bond holds nucleotide together? phosphodiester

what bond holds 2 strands of dna together? hydrogen bond

182
Q

NADH holds ____ electrons

FADH holds _____ electrons

183
Q

what bond holds nucleotide together?

what bond holds 2 strands of dna together?

A

what bond holds nucleotide together? phosphodiester

what bond holds 2 strands of dna together? hydrogen bond

184
Q

what is alternatve gene transcripts

A

it leads to different amino acids (NOT GENETIC DIVERSITY)

185
Q

dna replication is (semiconservative/ conservative)

A

semi conservative **look up video **

186
Q

Which of the following phases of meiosis can non-disjunction occur?

A

anaphase 2

187
Q

In competive inhibitors what happens to the KM and vmax?

A

Vmax is the same km is increased

188
Q

In non competive inhibitors what happens to the KM and vmax?

A

Lower vmax only

189
Q

what stage does crossing over occur in

A

prophase 1

190
Q

after meiosis 1 are cells dipoloid or haploid

191
Q

in what phase does homologous chromosomes line up in the middle

A

metaphase 1

192
Q

what is a kinetochore

A

the things that attatch to the chromosomes during metaphase

193
Q

what is the lytic cycle

A

when the virus injects dna to get it replicated to create new viruses

194
Q

what is the lysogenic cycle

A

when the virus injects its dna into the cells genome and is latent until it turns into the lytic phase

195
Q

what is the prophage

A

a viruse that infects bacteria

196
Q

what is the provirus

A

a virus that infects a eukaryotic cell

197
Q

antigenic drif vs antigenic shift

A

antigenic drift affects the same host species but antigenic shift affects different host species

198
Q

what are prions

A

misfolded proteins that cuase other proteins to mis-fold

199
Q

what are viroids

A

ssRNA that infect plants

my Biology oat (7 decks)

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