Cell and molecular biology Flashcards
1
Q
What is a covalent bond
A
a bond where atoms share elections with similar electronegativity
2
Q
What are the types of covalent bonds?
A
- polar unequal sharing with 2 atoms of different negativities
- non polar equal sharing with similar electric negativities
3
Q
Hydrogen bonds occur between what elements
A
H with NOF
4
Q
What is an ionic bond
A
one electron transfers to another atom of different electro negativities
5
Q
water has a high or low heat capacity?
A
high because it takes a lot of energy for it to change the temperature
6
Q
cohesion is _____ & is due to
A
why water is attracted to like substances & is due to hydrogen bonds
7
Q
adhesion is
A
why water is attracted to unlike substances and is due to capillary action
8
Q
Draw hydroxyl
A
9
Q
Draw an amino
A
10
Q
Draw a phosphate
A
11
Q
Draw a carboxyl
A
12
Q
Draw two carbonyls
A
13
Q
what distinguishes alpha and beta monosacharided
A
alpha is down and beta is up
14
Q
what keeps two sugar molecules together in disacharides
A
glycosidic links
15
Q
polysacharides bond are formed by which kind of reaction? and broken by what reaction?
A
formed by dehydration, broken by hydrolysis
16
Q
what are the three types of disacharided
A
- Sucrose (fructose + glucose)
- Lactose (galactose + glucose)
- Maltose (glucose + glucose)
17
Q
What is used for plant energy storage ? (Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin) What is this a polymer of?
A
startch
18
Q
What is used for animal energy storage ? (Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin) What is this a polymer of?
A
glycogen
19
Q
What is used for the structure of cell wall? (Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin) What is this a polymer of?
A
cellulose
20
Q
What is used for the structure of fugus? (Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin) What is this a polymer of?
A
chitin
21
Q
What is used for the structure of insect exoskeleton? (Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin) What is this a polymer of?
A
chitin
22
Q
Chitin is similar to what complex cobohydrate? The difference us that it has what?
A
Chitin is similar to ____cellulose____ except it has __a nitrogen group (n-acetylcglucosamine)
23
Q
What makes a tri glyceride
A
glycerol back bone and 3 fatty acid chains
24
Q
difference between saturated and unsaturated fat
A
- saturated ( they have no double bond and stack causing plaque so bad for your health cause)
- unsaturated (they have a double bond don’t stack so good for your health)
25
what is amphipathic
it has a hydrophillic side and a hydrophobic side
26
A phospholipid is comprised of what
a glycerol back bone with a phosphate group attached to 2 fatty acid. A hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail
27
hormones and cholesterol are both
steriods
28
steroids have what kind of structure( rings)
has 4 total ( 3 6-sided ring and 1 5-sided ring)
29
what makes the color of plants and animals
carotenoids
30
what is a carotenoid
it is a derivitave of lipid, made of fatty acid chain with 5/6 sided ring at each end. gives the color of plants and animals
31
what are porphyrins
it is made of 4 pyryol rings that complex with metals... like hem with iron or chlorophyll with Mg
32
brown vs white adipose cells
white have thin layer of cytoplasm around it and usually made of triglyceride
brown is made with thick layer of cytoplasm and lots of cytoplasm around it
33
what cell is made of lots of cytoplasm around it ....... what about a lot of triglyceride?
what cell is made of lots of cytoplasm.around it ...... brown
a lot of triglyceride? brown
34
Glycolipid has a ____ group while phospholid has a ___ group
glycolipd has a carbohydrate instead of a phosphate group
35
what do lipoproteins do
they transport lipids since they are insoluble
36
how does increasing cholesterol affect cell membrane
increase fluidity or restricts movement
37
name the three important parts of an amino acid
amino group, alphacarbon with R group, carboxyl group
38
what is casein
protein in milk
39
what is oval bumin
protein in eggs
40
what is zein
protein in corn
41
enzymes (do/do not)change spontaneity
do not
42
what is amylase
it is a enzyme that breaks glycosidc bonds in startch
43
what is an apoenzyme
an enzyme with no cofactor
44
what is a holoenyme
an enzyme with a cofactor
45
what is a co enzyme
when an enzyme has an organic cofactor
46
what is a prosthetic group
when an enzyme is covalently bonded to cofactor
47
which is a vitamin ( apoenzyme, holoenzyme, co-enzyme, prosthetic group)
co enzyme
48
what is the difference between simple and conjugated protein classification
simple is made of only amino acids (protein)
49
What is albumin? (simple or conjugated protein)
simple; functional protein that transports or acts as an enzyme
50
what is globulins? (simple or conjugated protein?)
simple; functional protein that transports or acts as an enzyme
51
what is scleroprotein? (simple or conjugated protein?)
simple; structural protein
52
collagen is an example of (albumin, globulin, scleroprotein)
scleoprotein
53
what is a lipo protein (simple or conjugated protein?)
conjugated; lipid + protein
54
what is a mucoprotein (simple or conjugated protein?)
conjucated; carbohydrate + protein
55
`what is a chromoprotein(simple or conjugated protein?)
conjugated; protein + pigment
56
what is a metalloproetin(simple or conjugated protein?)
conjugated; protein + metal ion
57
what is a nucleoprotein(simple or conjugated protein?)
conjugated; histone/ protoamine + nucleic acid
58
What is the bond in between amino acids
Peptide bond
59
what bonding is in secondary stucture of proteins and what is it between
Hydrogen bond between amino and and carboxyl group
60
what bonding is in tertiary structure of protein
1. non covalent: Hydrogen bonding Ionic bonding, vanderwall
| 2. Disulfide bond between cysteins
61
1,2,3,4 --- What protein stucture is first disulfide bonds found
3
62
1,2,3,4 --- What protein stucture are alpha or beta sheets found
2
63
1,2,3,4 --- What protein stucturedo R groups go (towards/away) from eachother
3 go away
64
1,2,3,4 --- What protein stucture contains more than one amino acid chain
4
65
What are globular proteins, what structure do they have
they are tertiery structured proteins that basiclly do everything functional like storage enzyme etc
66
fibrous structural proteins are usually (1,2,3,4) structure, they are (water soluble/not water soluble) and made of ______-
fibrous structural proteins are usually 2 structure, they are not and made of long polymers
67
globular structural proteins are usually (1,2,3,4) structure, they are (water soluble/not water soluble)
globular structural proteins are usually 3 structure, they are water soluble
68
difference between denatureing and digestion of proteins
denaturing puts the protein in its primary state, digestion elimates protein structure
69
draw nucleoside vs nucleotide
70
list pyrimidines and how many rings do they have
C U T 1 ring
71
list purines and how many rings do they have
AG 2 rings
72
RNA vs DNA for sugar
dna has deoxyribose and rna has a ribose sugar
73
enzymes are what kind of proteins?
globulare
74
what does catalysts do to activation energy
it reduces it
75
what are cofactor
non protein assist enzymes
76
inorganic cofactors are usually while organic cofactors are
Fe or Mg metal ions, vitamins
77
what is a competitive inhibitor. what does it do to Km or Vmax
when a molecule that mimics substrate competes for active site, it lowers Km
78
what is a non competitive inhibitor/activator. what does it do to Km or Vmax
When an inhibitor/activator attatched to allosteric site, it lowers vmax
79
what is a uncompetitve inhibitor bind to
it binds to enzyme substrate complex
80
what is Km
it michaelis : the concentration of the substate when Vmax/2
81
what is allosteric binding
a binding outside the active site that can inhibit or activate
82
The lower the Km the _____affinity meaning it needs ______ concentration of substrate
The lower the Km the __higher___affinity meaning it needs ___less___ concentration of substrate
83
The higher the Km the _____affinity meaning it needs ______ concentration of substrate
The higher the Km the ___lower__affinity meaning it needs ____higher__ concentration of substrate
84
what is cooperativity of enzyme
when one substrate binds the other substates are easily added on
85
difference between carrier protein and transport protein
carrier changes shape and transport does not. Transport is for active transport and facilitative diffusion
86
what protein is used for facilitative diffusion.
transport protein
87
does active transport need atp
yes
88
does faccilitative diffusion need atp
no
89
do prokaryotes have cholestrol
no
90
what is glycocalyx
wax like substance that contains glyco-lipids/proteins and is used for defense and recognition and adhesion
91
prokaryote have __n____ while eukaryotes have __n_____ for genetic material
prokaryote have __nucleoid____ while eukaryotes have __nucleous_____ for genetic material
92
what is chromatid
is half of a chromosome
93
what is chromosome
two chromatids
94
what is chromatin
unwound dna with histones in nucleous
95
what is a nucleosome
has 8 histones and chromosomes
96
what is nucleolus
inside the nucleous
97
what is nuclear lamina
supports DNA organization replication
98
what is nuclear lamina made of
intermediate fillaments and membrane associated proteins
99
most of metabolic activity happens in what part of the cell
cytoplasm
100
cytosol vs cytoplasm
cytosol is the jelly stuff and cytoplasm is the area that it is in
101
what are ribosomes made of
rRNA
102
where are robosomes initially created
nucleolous
103
for ribosomes in eukaryotic cells ______s _____s
40 s 60 s
104
105
for ribosomes in prokaryotic cells ______s _____s
30 s 50 s
106
how are glycoproteins created
the rough er adds polysacharides to polpeptides made by ribosomes
107
what do smooth and rough er make
smooth = lipid and steroid hormones, rough makes glycoproteins
108
what organelle holds Ca 2+ in muscle cells
smooth er
109
what organelle breaks down toxins in liver cells
smooth er
110
Lysosomes have a (high/low) pH
low
111
what are cisternae and where are they found
in the golgi ther are sacs for packaging
112
(peroxisomes or lysosome) are used to break down toxins in the liver and kindey
peroxisomes
113
microtubules are made up of
protein tubulin
114
flagella are made of
microtubules
115
cilia are made of
microtubules
116
Microtubles are for
support and movement
117
intermediate filaments are for
support and shape
118
microfilaments are for
cell movements
119
plant cell replications -
(have/lack) centrioles
divide via (cell plate/cleavage furrow)
(have/lack)MTCOs
plant cell replications -
(lack) centrioles
divide via (cell plate)
(have)MTCOs
120
animal cell replications -
(have/lack) centrioles
divide via (cell plate/cleavage furrow)
(have/lack)MTCOs
animal cell replications -
(have) centrioles
divide via (cleavage furrow)
(have)MTCOs
121
MTOCs contain
centrosomes and basal bodies
122
what is contrctile vacuoes? where is it found?
found in single celled protista, collect and pump water via active transport
123
what cell lacks cell wall
animal
124
what makes up a cell wall in plants
cellulose
125
what makes up cell wall in fungi
chitin
126
what makes up cell wall in bacteria
peptoglycans
127
what makes up cell wall in arcaea
polyacharides
128
what is the most common protein that attached adjacent cells
collagen, fibronecti, integrin
129
what are ways the cell can attach to ecm
hemidesmosomes - intermediate filaments
| focal adhesion - actin
130
what is focal adhesion
attatches cell to ecm via actin
131
what is hemidesmisome
attaches celll to ecm via micro filaments
132
what is plastid
organelle found in plants which is the site for photosynthesis
133
what is the site for fatty acid catbolism
mitochondia
134
what is the site for beta oxidation
mitochondria
135
animals cells ______ in hypertonic water
| plant cells ______ in hypertonic water
animals cells ___shrink___ in hypertonic water
| plant cells ____plasmolyze__ in hypertonic water
136
animals cells ______ in hypotonic water
| plant cells ______ in hypotonic water
animals cells __burst____ in hypotonic water
| plant cells ___turgid___ in hypotonic water
137
animals cells ______ in isotonic water
| plant cells ______ in isotonic water
animals cells ___are normal___ in isotonic water
| plant cells ___flacid___ in isotonic water
138
endomembrane system is in charge of ....
packing, storing and transporting incudes organells that do so
139
what is brownian movement
random movement due to kinetic energy spreading particles
140
what is cyclosis
circular motion of cytoplasm within cell to transport molecules
141
desmosmes what kind of junction
anchoring
142
gap junctions are synonymous to _____ in plant cells
plasmodesmata
143
where are tight junctions found in body
digestive system
144
what are adherens
connect 2 cells with actin
145
what are focal adhesions
connect cell to ECM with actin
146
what are hemidesmosomes
connect cell to ECM with keratin(intermediate filaments)
147
what are desmosomes
connect 2 cells with keratin (intermediate filaments)
148
chromatin (is/is not) found in prokaryotes
is not
149
Antiport vs symport. They are what type of transport
antiport
symport
active secondary transport
150
what is group translocation
transportee changes chemically to go across membrane. it is only found in prokaryotes
151
what kind of transportation chemically changes transported molecule? What kind of cell does this happen for?
translocation ,prokaryote
152
what is the difference between phagocytosis vs pinocytosis
phagocytosis is large molecules and pinocytosis is dissolved material
153
the larger the size the ____ the BMR the ______ BMR per kg
the larger the size the __higher__ the BMR the __less____ BMR per kg
154
the smaller the size the ____ the BMR the ______ BMR per kg
the smaller the size the ___smaller_ the BMR the __larger____ BMR per kg
155
cell increases in size and
lots of proteins and ribosomes are
synthesized. (G1,S,G2)
G1
156
DNA synthesis occurs where a new
DNA molecule is replicated from the
first, providing for sister chromatids.(G1,S,G2)
s
157
Rapid cell growth occurs,
organelles are replicated, and genetic
material prepares for cell growth.(G1,S,G2)
g2
158
list the cell cycles, which are considered interphase
G1, S, G2, mitosis, cytokinesis.... G1, S, G2 are considered interphase
159
More time is spent in (interphase/ mitosis)
interphase
160
what is the most important check point in the cell cycle
after G1
161
what is G0
it is when the cell is not dividing
162
what are cyclin dependent kinases
enzyme that phosphoplate proteins that regulate the cycle
163
what is density dependent inhibition
cell stop divinding when there is alot of cells already
164
what is anchorage dependence
most cells divide when they are attatched to a surface or to other cells
165
what is karyokinesis
nuclear division
166
Fill in
167
Fill in
168
when SUrface area : to V is much (smaller/larger) then the exchange becomes much easier.
larger
169
does mitosis or meisis lead to genetic variation
miesosis
170
what is the products of beta oxidation and where does it ocurr in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
aceto COA, citrate and PGAL , FADH, NADH
prokaryotes- cytosol
eukaryotes-mitochondria
171
```
Which of the following organelles has the function of synthesizing lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, and detoxification of drugs?
A. Golgi apparatus
B. Mitochondrion
C. Lysosome
D. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
E. Nucleus
```
D. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
172
what is missense mutation
when a mutation causes the creation of a different amino acid
173
what is nonsense mutation
when the mutation makes a stop codon
174
ETC happens in what part of the cell
mitochondria
175
glycolysis occurs in what part of the cell
in the cytosol
176
```
All of the following molecules are produced in the cytosol during eukaryotic cellular respiration EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
A. NADH
B. ATP
C. Acetyl-CoA
D. Pyruvate
E. ADP
```
C) acetyl COA
177
desmosomes use _________
| adherans use _________
desmosomes use ___karatin or intermediate filaments______
| adherans use __actin _______
178
endergonic and exergonic... which is catablism and what is anabolic
endergonic is anabolic
| exergonic is catabolic
179
is facilitated diffusion going down or up its concentration gradient
what about active transport?
down
Up
180
simple diffusion transports (charged or non charged molecules)
non charged
181
what bond holds nucleotide together?
| what bond holds 2 strands of dna together?
what bond holds nucleotide together? phosphodiester
| what bond holds 2 strands of dna together? hydrogen bond
182
NADH holds ____ electrons
| FADH holds _____ electrons
2 each
183
what bond holds nucleotide together?
| what bond holds 2 strands of dna together?
what bond holds nucleotide together? phosphodiester
| what bond holds 2 strands of dna together? hydrogen bond
184
what is alternatve gene transcripts
it leads to different amino acids (NOT GENETIC DIVERSITY)
185
dna replication is (semiconservative/ conservative)
semi conservative ***look up video ***
186
Which of the following phases of meiosis can non-disjunction occur?
anaphase 2
187
In competive inhibitors what happens to the KM and vmax?
Vmax is the same km is increased
188
In non competive inhibitors what happens to the KM and vmax?
Lower vmax only
189
what stage does crossing over occur in
prophase 1
190
after meiosis 1 are cells dipoloid or haploid
haploid
191
in what phase does homologous chromosomes line up in the middle
metaphase 1
192
what is a kinetochore
the things that attatch to the chromosomes during metaphase
193
what is the lytic cycle
when the virus injects dna to get it replicated to create new viruses
194
what is the lysogenic cycle
when the virus injects its dna into the cells genome and is latent until it turns into the lytic phase
195
what is the prophage
a viruse that infects bacteria
196
what is the provirus
a virus that infects a eukaryotic cell
197
antigenic drif vs antigenic shift
antigenic drift affects the same host species but antigenic shift affects different host species
198
what are prions
misfolded proteins that cuase other proteins to mis-fold
199
what are viroids
ssRNA that infect plants
