CCP 105 - Fundamentals of Aeromedical Transport Flashcards
How do you turn on or off oxygen in the Sikorsky 76C+?
Pilots have green switch located on centre roof panel near the bulkhead AND/OR the red emergency shutoff levers in the patient compartment in the up or down position
How many dedicated rotary wing aircraft does BCAS have?
Sikorsky S76C+ - 3 dedicated, 1 backup
Bell 412SP - 1 dedicated
How many stretchered patients and seated passengers can be transported in the Beechcraft King Air 350?
2 stretchered patients and 3 seated passengers
Describe the “Space Equivalent Zone”
- 100% supplemental oxygen will not support life
- 50,000 feet - 120 miles
- Barometric pressure 87mmHg - 0mmHg (?)
- Pressurized suits and cabins are required
List and define the categories of turbulence
- Light - Rhythmic bumpiness without appreciable a change in altitude or attitude - Mild strain against seat belts, little or no difficulty in walking, unsecured objects may be displaced
- Moderate - Greater intensity, positive control at all time - Occasional strains against seat belts, difficulty walking, unsecured objects dislodged
- Severe - Large or abrupt changes in altitude or attitude. Usually causes changes in airspeed, not dangerous unless near the ground - Occupants forced violently around, walking impossible, unsecured objects tossed around
- Extreme - Aircraft is violently tossed about. Impossible to control, possible structural damage - foolish to fly
Define the “Critical stage” of hypoxia
- 20,000 - 25,000
- O2 saturation: 69-60%
- Circulatory failure
How many stretchered patients and seated passengers can be transported in the Sikorsky S76C+?
2 stretchered patients and 4 seated passengers
Define “Affinity Hypoxia”
Due to a failure of the hemoglobin to release oxygen to the tissues, may occur with a “left shifted” hemoglobin dissociation curve
Describe the formula used to determine the amount of increased FiO2 required at altitude
Initial FiO2 x Initial Barometric Pressure / Barometric Pressure at Cruising Altitude = Adjusted FiO2
How does a wing produce lift?
Air flowing over top of wing has farther to go which results in the air molecules having to travel at a faster rate - this creates negative pressure on top of wing resulting in the wing being “sucked” up
Describe the “Physiologic Zone”
- Supports Life
- Sea level - 10,000 feet
- Barometric pressure 760mmHg - 523mmHg
- Some effects of hypoxia at edge of zone
What is the door width of the Citation 560 Encore?
29 Inches
Define the “Indifferent stage” of hypoxia
- Sea level - 10,000 feet
- O2 saturation: 98-90%
- Decreased night vision
How do you activate the Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT) in the Beechcraft King Air 350?
Turn on the switch labeled “ELT” located on the side of the outside side console next to the left pilots seat
Define “Gyroscopic Precession” and how it relates to helicopter operation
A byproduct of rotational force, any input will manifest in applied force 90* later.
Daltons Law
The total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of all gasses in the mixture (Pt = P1+P2+P3…)
ie: at increased altitude the pressure exerted by oxygen is less allowing more of the molecule to be spread further out resulting in fewer available with each breath
Increasing a patients FiO2 will increase the partial pressure of oxygen and there by increase diffusion across a membrane/driving force
How many stretchered patients and seated passengers can be transported in the Bell 412SP?
2 stretchered patients and 4 seated passengers
What is the door width of the Beechcraft King Air 350?
27 inches
Define “Hypemic Hypoxia”
due to reduced oxygen carrying capacity, as a result of decrease in hemoglobin (anemia/hemorrhage) or alteration in hemoglobin (CO poisoning/sickle cell disease)
Dump truck analogy (hemoglobin = the dump truck):
Not enough dump trucks
How do you turn on or off oxygen in the Beechcraft King Air 350?
Turn on tank valve located under the medsled
How many stretchered patients and seated passengers can be transported in the Citation 560 Encore?
2 stretchered patients and 3 seated passengers
Graham’s Law
The rate of diffusion of a gas through liquid is related to it’s solubility and is inversely proportional to the square root of it’s density and molecular weight.
“Graham likes golf”
ie: Due to more mass CO2 will dissolve into solution faster than O2 and as such will diffuse across the A/C membrane approximately 19 times faster than O2.
Define the “Compensatory stage” of hypoxia
- 10,000 - 15,000 feet
- O2 saturation: 89-80%
- Drowsiness, poor judgment, impaired coordination, impaired efficiency
Gay-lussac’s Law
If volume remains constant the pressure of a gas will vary directly with the temperature of a gas (P1/T1 = P2/T2).
ie: O2 bottles will show an increased pressure when warm and decreased pressure when cold
or entonox regulators will ice when pressures begin to drop quickly
Charles Law
At a constant pressure the volume of a gas will vary directly with the temperature (V1/T1 = V2/T2)
ie: a balloon or other air filled device will expand or contract as the temperature increases or decreases
an aircraft will produce more lift on cold days due to “denser” air and visa-versa
Define Dysbarism
Dysbarism is injures relating to changes in ambient pressure such as diving injuries or altitude sickness (HAPE/HACE)
What is the maximum altitude the Beechcraft King Air 350 and Citation 560 Encore can fly at and maintain a pressurized cabin at sea level?
Beechcraft King Air 350: 14,000 feet
Citation 560 Encore: 18,000 feet
Henry’s Law
The amount of gas dissolved in solution varies directly with the partial pressure of that gas over the solution.
“Henry likes pop”
ie: opening a carbonated drink - pressure of CO2 is released over the solution and results in more CO2 coming out of solution in the form of bubbles
or a diver who ascends to quickly and develops “the bends” due to nitrogen coming out of the blood too quickly.
What are the components and percentages of the atmosphere?
- Nitrogen: 78%
- Oxygen: 21%
- Argon: 1%
- Trace gasses: ≤1%
What standard equipment is kept on the fixed wing aircraft?
Oxygen, suction, basic airway management tools
How do you activate the Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT) in the Sikorsky S76C+?
Turn on the switch labeled “ELT” located on the side of the centre console next to the right pilots seat
Define “Stagnant Hypoxia”
Due to inability to transport sufficient oxygen due to inadequate blood flow, as in heart failure, high space shock or increased G forces
Dump truck analogy (hemoglobin = the dump truck):
Traffic jam = no deliveries
Fick’s Law
The diffusion of a gas is equal to:
1) Proportional difference in partial pressure
2) Proportional to the area of the membrane
3) inversely proportional to the thickness of the membrane
ie: responsible for diffusion and oxygen across the A/C membrane (Fick’s law relates to oxygenation and it’s effect on hypoxia = PEEP and increased FiO2 directly correct this)
What standard equipment is kept on the rotary wing aircraft?
Oxygen, suction, basic airway management tools, ACLS medication
Universal Gas Law
The ideal gas law, also called the general gas equation, is the equation of state of a hypothetical ideal gas. It is a good approximation of the behavior of many gases under many conditions, although it has several limitations
PV = nRT
Define “Hypoxic Hypoxia”
Due to insufficient oxygen reaching the blood, such as at decreased barometric pressures at altitude.
Dump truck analogy (hemoglobin = the dump truck):
Nothing to load into the dump truck
Boyle’s Law
At a constant temperature the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure on it (P1V1 = P2V2)
ie: an increase in altitude = increase in volume due to decreased pressure
Normal respiration is an example of Boyle’s Law (pressure changes in the pleural space)
How many dedicated fixed wing aircraft does BCAS have?
Beechcraft King Air 350 - 5 dedicated, 1 on trial (880) 1 backup
Citation 560 Encore - 1 dedicated, 1 backup
What are the four primary forces that allow a aircraft to fly?
Lift, Weight, Drag, Thrust
Define “Histotoxic Hypoxia”
Oxygen is available but body tissues cannot accept it, as in cyanide poisoning
Dump truck analogy (hemoglobin = the dump truck):
Dump truck can’t dump load at job site
Describe the “Physiologically Deficient Zone”
- Prolonged exposure causing hypoxic hypoxia
- 10,000 feet - 50,000 feet
- Barometric pressure 523mmHg - 87mmHg
- Supplemental oxygen or pressurized aircraft necessary
Define the “Disturbance stage” of hypoxia
- 15,000 - 20,000 feet
- O2 saturation: 79-70%
- Impaired flight control, impaired handwriting, impaired speech
What is the door width of the Sikorsky S76C+?
33 inches
Describe the layers of the atmosphere
Troposphere, Tropopause, Stratosphere, Stratopause, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, Exosphere
What is the weight limit of the #9 stretcher
350 lbs
What is the weight limit of the BARIATRIC #9
500 lbs
What is the weight limit of the Sikorsky S76C+ modified 35a stretcher?
500 lbs
Could These Guys Possibly Be Virgins mnemonic:
B - V - C
\ /
P T
\/
GL
Charles/Temperature/Gay-Lussiac/Pressure/Boyles/Volume
