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REVIEW > CC QC > Flashcards

CC QC Flashcards

1
Q

midpoint of a set of values

A

median

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2
Q

average of set of values. measures of central tendency

A

mean

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3
Q

the most frequent among all values/data

A

mode

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4
Q

laboratories are given samples with unknown conc. for them to test and results are compared with other laboratories

A

interlab QC

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5
Q

used for daily monitoring of accuracy and precision of method used. detects random and systematic errors.

A

intralab QC

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6
Q

defined as the ability of a method to measure the analyte of interest only

A

specificity

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7
Q

defined as the ability of a method to measure the analyte even at its lowest conc.

A

sensitivity

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8
Q

a colorless solution with a known conc. of substances used for calibration

A

standard

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9
Q

simplest expression of spread of distribution, it is the difference between the highest and lowest score in a data

A

range

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10
Q

most frequent used measure of variation

A

SD

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11
Q

index of precision

A

CV

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12
Q

used to assess if there is a statistical difference between the means of 2 groups of data

A

T-test

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13
Q

used to assess if there is a statistical difference between the SD of 2 groups of data

A

F-test

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14
Q

most widely used QC chart
plotted to give visual indication if lab test is working

A

shewhart levey-jennings chart ( dot plot)

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15
Q

six or more consecutive values that either increase or decrease gradually (will cross the mean) main cause: reagent deterioration

A

trend

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16
Q

six or more consecutive values that are distributed on one or the other side of the mean (does not cross the mean) main cause: improper instrument calibration

A

shift

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17
Q

used to check if there are significant differences between present set of values to that of past values on the sample of the same individual

A

delta check

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18
Q

a way of improving product processing to eliminate defects

A

six sigma

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19
Q

unit expression of wavelength

A

nanometer

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20
Q

distance between two successive peaks

A

wavelength

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21
Q

entity that this transmitted by electromagnetic waves

A

energy

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22
Q

number of waves that passes a point of observation per one unit of time

A

frequency

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23
Q

measure electric potential

A

potentiometry

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24
Q

measures light blocked

A

turbidimetry

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25
Q

measures light scattered molecules, used for measuring amount of Ag-Ab complexes

A

nephelometry

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26
Q

serves as both light source and cuvette

A

flame

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27
Q

separation is based upon differences in characteristics (both physical and chemical) of substances, used for amino acid determination, drugs and sugars

A

chromatography

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28
Q

square of SD

A

variance

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29
Q

nearness of measured value to that of the target value

A

accuracy

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30
Q

nearness of measured value to each other

A

precision

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31
Q

affects precision of repeated measures, by chance, varies from sample to sample

A

random errors

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32
Q

affects accuracy of mean measures, influence observation consistently in one direction

A

systematic error

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33
Q

error that occurs in hand written labels, request forms, and results, HIGHEST SOURCE OF ERROR IN THE LABORATORY

A

clerical error

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34
Q

type of systemic error in the sample direction and magnitude; the magnitude of change is constant and not dependent on amount of analyte

A

constant error

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35
Q

error dependent on analyte conc.

A

proportional error

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36
Q

errors encountered in the collection, preparation, measurement of samples including the transcription and releasing of lab results

A

variation

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37
Q

known analyte with multiple samples resembling human spx, serum-like yellow

A

control reagent

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38
Q

levels of control solutions in general cheistry

A

2

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39
Q

levels of control solutions in immunoassay

A

3

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40
Q

highly sensitive methods are prone to

A

false positive results

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41
Q

highly specific methods are prone to

A

false negative

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42
Q

what are the test for imprecision

A

SD, PRECISION, F-TEST

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43
Q

what are the test for inaccuracy

A

mean, accuracy, T-test

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44
Q

signifies constant systemic error

A

y-intercept

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45
Q

acceptable range of CV (beyond it determines an imprecise QC

A

2-4%

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46
Q

horizontal, abscissa, Ind Var

A

x-axis

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47
Q

vertical, ordinate, dependent var

A

y-axis

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48
Q

analyze precision within or between run or total imprecision

A

ANOVA (analysis of variance)

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49
Q

is the proposal that there is no difference in a comparison

A

null hypothesis (HO)

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50
Q

is incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis and stating that two groups are statistically different when they really not

A

type I error (alpha error)

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51
Q

is incorrectly failing to reject the null hypothesis and stating that two groups are not statistically different when they really are

A

type II error (beta error)

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52
Q

states the relationship between pre-tests and post-tests

A

Bayes’ Theorem

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53
Q

best utilized to establish reference values

A

gaussian curve
(normal bell-shaped curve)

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54
Q

sequential analysis to detect change. its advantage is it can detect earliest errors of trend but only available in computers

A

cumulative sum graph (cumsum)

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55
Q

most common method used in cumsum

A

V-mask

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56
Q

analyze 2 samples, compare results obtained on a high and low control serum from different laboratories

A

youden plot (twin plot)

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57
Q

determine the specific performance limits of an assay, detects random and systematic errors through multiple rules

A

westgard control chart (multirule chart)

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58
Q

random errors in westgard control chart

A

1 2s,
1 3s,
R 4s

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59
Q

systematic errors in westgard control chart

A

2 2s,
3 1s,
4 1s,
6 x,
7 T,
8 15,
10x

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60
Q

type of control chart used to monitor either variables, or attributes type data using the monitored business or industrial process’s entire history output

A

EWMA chart
(exponentially weighted moving average chart)

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61
Q

control values that are too far from the mean or highly deviating values

A

outliers

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62
Q

at least how many individuals need to be tested, to derive reliable estimates of reference intervals?

A

120

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63
Q

measurement of organizations products or services against specific standards for comparison and improvement

A

benchmarking

64
Q

trends on organizations productivity overtime

A

internal benchmarking

65
Q

compares a laboratory’s productivity w/ that of other labs

A

external benchmarking

66
Q

clinical laboratory category for secondary lab

A

routine chemistry

67
Q

clinical laboratory category for tertiary lab

A

special chemistry

68
Q

results difference of greater than __ indicates disagreement with other lab included

A

2SD

69
Q

best chart for internal QC

A

LJ chart

70
Q

best chart for external QC

A

youden chart

71
Q

linear regression analysis used to compare two methodologies using the best fit line through the data points

A

deming regression analysis

72
Q

graphical representation of the deming regression analysis

A

deming plot

73
Q

lowest amount of analyte accurately detected by a method

A

LoD (limit of detection)

74
Q

range of analyte conc. that can be directly measured without dilution, conc., or other pre-treatment

A

AMR (analytic measurement range)

75
Q

refers to the difference between the measured value and the mean expressed as a number of SDs.

A

SDI (standard deviation index)

76
Q

body component (e.g., fluid, urine, etc.) in which the analyte is to be measured

A

matrix

77
Q

effects of a compounds on the accuracy of detection of a particular analyte

A

interference

78
Q

ability of an analytic test to measure a known amount of analyte; a known amount of analyte is added to real sample matrices

A

recovery

79
Q

random error plus systemic error

A

total error

80
Q
  • tool to reduce waste
  • increase production and manufacture
    -focuses on workflow speed
A

lean system

81
Q

5s of lean system

A

sort
set in order
shine
standardize
sustain
+ (PDCA)

82
Q

improvement methodology
- each phase has one or 2 key objectives and corresponding tasks to be completed

A

DMAIC (define, measure, analyze, improve, and control)

83
Q

project coaches leaders

A

black belts

84
Q

project team members

A

green belts

85
Q

project sponsors

A

blue belts

86
Q

most lab work are at what sigma levels?

A

3

87
Q

recommended sigma levels

A

4

88
Q

ideal sigma level

A

6

89
Q

measures transmitted light in a colored solution

A

spectrophotometry

90
Q

simplest type of absorption spectrometer, 1 measurement at a time

A

single beam spectrophotometer

91
Q

splits monochromatic light into 2 components

A

double beam spectrophotometer

92
Q

double beam in space uses how many photodetector/s?

A

2

93
Q

double beam in time uses how many photodetector/s?

A

1

94
Q

measurement of light intensity using specific wavelength

A

photometric measurement

95
Q

measurement of light intensity in a narrower wavelength

A

spectrophotometric measurement

96
Q

provide polychromatic light

A

light source

97
Q

emits radiation that changes in intensity, widely used among lab

A

continuum source

98
Q

emit a limited number of discrete lines or bands of radiation

A

line source

99
Q

commonly used filters in fluorometers

A

mercury vapor lamps
(N: gas discharge lamp)

100
Q

most commonly used for visible -infrared based sources

A

tungsten

101
Q

routinely used for UV light based light source

A

deuterium

102
Q

used in most spectrofluorometers utilizing high pressure for determining excitation spectra

A

xenon
(N: gas discharge lamp)

103
Q

WHAT ARE THE UV LAMPS?

A

mercury
xenon
hydrogen
deuterium

104
Q

WHAT ARE THE IR LAMPS?

A

merst glower
globar silicon carbide

105
Q

minimizes unwanted stray light

A

entrance slit

106
Q

isolate specific individual wavelength and sharp out off filter

A

monochromator

107
Q

wedge shaped glass, quartz, sodium chloride

A

prisms

108
Q

allows only a narrow fraction of the spectrum to reach the sample cuvette

A

exit slit

109
Q

a.k.a absorption cell or analytical cell that holds the solution which conc. is to be measured

A

sample cuvette

110
Q

most commonly used in sample cuvettes

A

alumina silica glass

111
Q

conc. of the unknown substance is directly proportional to absorbed light/ inversely proportional to transmitted light

A

beer’s law

112
Q

blank that contains only the serum but w/o the reagent

A

blanking technique

113
Q

corrects the absorbance by the color of the reagents

A

reagent blank

114
Q

measures the absorbance of the sample

A

sample blank

115
Q

what will you do to cuvettes w/ scratch on optical surface

A

discard

116
Q

range where silica cuvettes transmit light effectively

A

≥ 220

117
Q

caused by prolonged standing w/ alkaline solutions

A

dissolving and etching

118
Q

routine path length of cuvettes, to increase absorbance factor by 10x, increase length to 10 cm

A

1 cm

119
Q

detects and converts transmitted light into photoelectric energy

A

photodetector

120
Q

anode and cathode on glass tube

A

phototube

121
Q

simplest and lest expensive photodetector (barrier layer cell)

A

photocell

122
Q

most common, most sensitive photodetector

A

photomultiplier tube

123
Q

Needs excitation
- measures light emitted by 1 atom burned in a flame
- excitation of electron from lower to higher energy state

A

flame emission photometry

124
Q

has excellent linearity

A

photodiode

125
Q

no excitation, needs pre-warming
- the most sensitive and specific among the 3 colorimetric method

A

atomic absorption spectrophotometry

126
Q

a.k.a titration
unknown solution + known solution= color change

A

volumetry

127
Q

chloride analysis

A

schales and schales

128
Q

calcium analysis

A

EDTA titration method

129
Q

amount of light blocked

A

turbidimetry

130
Q

scattering of a beam o light b particles roughly the same size as the wavelength of light

A

tyndall scattering

131
Q

emission of low-energy light quickly after absorbing high energy light

A

fluorescence

132
Q

production of light

A

luminescence

133
Q

predominantly elastic scattering of light by particles much smaller than the wavelength of the radiation

A

Rayleigh-debye scttering

134
Q

elastic scattered light of particles that have a diameter similar to or larger than the wavelength of the incident light

A

Mie scattering

135
Q

utilizes 2 monochromators
-amount of light emitted by a molecule after excitation by electromagnetic radiation
- AFFECTED BY QUENCHING
- measure amount of light over a DARK background

A

fluorometry

136
Q

is the reduction or limitation of a particle in a excited state

A

quenching

137
Q

no excitation is required and no monochromators are needed

A

chemiluminescence

138
Q

changes in colligative property of solutions that occur due to variations in particle conc.

A

osmometry

139
Q

osmotic particles

A

glucose, BUN, sodium

140
Q

what are the colligative properties

A

osmotic pressure
boiling point
freezing point
vapor pressure

141
Q

increase osmolarity.
increased: ?
decreased: ?

A

increased: freezing point
decreased: vapor pressure

142
Q

use to scan and quantitate serum protein electrophoresis

A

densitometry

143
Q

OD 450: ?

A

bilirubin

144
Q

gold standard for new born screening

A

MS/MS

145
Q

gold standard for drug testing

A

GC-MS

146
Q

diffusion of molecules in 2D-plane system

A

planar form chromatography

147
Q

diffusion of analytes in 3D-multidirectional system

A

column form chromatography

148
Q

fragmentation and ionization of molecules using suitable source of energy
- DESTRUCTIVE

A

mass spectroscopy

149
Q

fractionation of sugar and AA through whattman paper sorbent

A

thin layer chromatography

150
Q

determine the structure of organic compound
-NON-DESTRUCTIVE
- requires larger sample volume

A

nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

151
Q

migration based on electrical charge

A

electrophoresis

152
Q

migration based on PH gradient

A

isoelectric focusing

153
Q

ISE that require no sample dilution

A

Direct Ise

154
Q

ISE that require sample dilution

A

indirect ise

155
Q

measurement amount of electricity at fixed potential in coulombs
- uses faraday’s law

A

coulometry

156
Q

causes interferences in coulometry

A

bromide
cyanide
cysteine

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