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REVIEW > CC CARBOHYDRATES > Flashcards

CC CARBOHYDRATES Flashcards

1
Q

metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate for production of energy

A

glycolysis

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2
Q

decomposition of fat

A

lipolysis

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3
Q

conversion of CHO to FA

A

lipogenesis

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4
Q

conversion of glycogen for storage

A

glycogenesis

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5
Q

breakdown of glucose for use as energy

A

glycogenolysis

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6
Q

formation of glucose 6-phosphate from noncarbo sources

A

gluconeogenesis

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7
Q

most common reducing sugar

A

glucose

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8
Q

do not contain an active ketone or aldehyde

A

non-reducing sugars

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9
Q

presence of double bond and a negative charge in the enol n ion

A

reducing sugars

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10
Q

most common reducing sugars

A

glucose

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11
Q

most active reducing sugar

A

ribose

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12
Q

2nd most active reducing sugar

A

xylose

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13
Q

3rd most active reducing sugar

A

arabinose

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14
Q

RSR for influenza virus
- N-acetylmuramic acid

A

sialic acid

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15
Q

RBC surface receptor for plasmodium/ malarial parasites

A

hyaluoronan

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16
Q

fungal cell wall
exoskeleton of crustaceans

A

chitin

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17
Q

main CHO storage in liver
storage form CHO in animals

A

glycogen

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18
Q

plant cell wall
no enzymes can digest this

A

cellulose

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19
Q

formed through hydrolysis of cellulose, maltose like sugar

A

cellobiose

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20
Q

simplest CHO

A

diose

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21
Q

only one possible diose

A

glycol aldehyde

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22
Q

the primary and only hypoglycemic agent.
- synthesized by B-cells

A

Insulin

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23
Q

insulin promotes what?

A

glycogenesis
glycolysis
lipogenesis

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24
Q

insulin inhibits what?

A

glycogenolysis

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25
Q

the primary and predominant hyperglycemic agent
- synthesized by alpha cells
-released during stress and during fasting

A

glucagon

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26
Q

glucagon is the first hormone to rise if serum glucose is?

A

< 75 mg/dL

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27
Q

FASTING PLASMA GUCAGON

A

25-50 pg/ml

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28
Q

balance optimum ratio between insulin and glucagon
- synthesized by delta cells

A

somatostatin

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29
Q

4 hormones that the islet cells secretes into the blood

A

insulin
glucagon
gastrin
somatostatin

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30
Q

artificial insulin production

A

pig pancreas

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31
Q

B-natriuretic peptide

A

pig brain

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32
Q

glucose normalizes within what time after eating a meal?

A

2-3 hr

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33
Q

in non diabetic indv. plasma glucose conc. peak at ___ after the start of a meal

A

60 mins

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34
Q

RBS for hypoglycemia

A

≤ 60 mg/dL

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35
Q

HbA1c can also be utilized to diagnose DM if the result is?

A

≥ 6.5%

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36
Q

hypoglycemia symptoms occur

A

50-55 mg/dL

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37
Q

male blood glucose after severe fasting

A

55-60 mg/dL

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38
Q

female blood glucose after severe fasting

A

40 mg/dL

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39
Q

FBS for hyperglycemia

A

≥ 126 mg/dL

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40
Q

random plasma glucose for DM

A

≤ 200 mg/dL

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41
Q

aldehyde hexose

A

glucose

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42
Q

reference method for glucose

A

hexokinase

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43
Q

reference value for glucose

A

80-100 mg/dL

44
Q

conversion factor for glucose

A

0.0555

45
Q

adults reference value for CSF Glucose

A

40-70 mg/dL

46
Q

children reference value for CSF Glucose

A

60-80 mg/dL

47
Q

CSF glucose increases during?

A

severe diabetes

48
Q

marked decreased CSF glucose is indicative of?

A

bacterial meningitis

49
Q

also known as deep respiration which usually occurs when the person is normally sleeping or in comatose

A

kussmaul-kien respiration

50
Q

fasting for C-peptide test

A

8-12 hrs

51
Q

used by physician to detect type 1 DM

A

C-peptide test

52
Q

reference value for C-peptide test

A

0.9-4.3 ng/mL

53
Q

conversion factor for C-peptide test

A

0.333

54
Q

NORMAL c-peptide to insulin ratio

A

> 5-15: 1

55
Q

ketone test is only recommended when plasma glucose reach?

A

300 mg/dL

56
Q

NORMAL B-HBA to AAA ratio

A

1:1

57
Q

DIABETES B-HBA to AAA ratio

A

6:1

58
Q

mainly evaluates hypoglycemia

A

c-peptide test

59
Q

disorder characterized by impaired ability to metabolize CHO

A

GDM

60
Q

screening time for GDM

A

24th - 28th weeks of pregnancy

61
Q

screening diagnosis

A

2-hour OGTT

62
Q

routine/ standard glucose load?

A

75g

63
Q

glucose load for obese

A

100g

64
Q

glucose load for infant

A

1.75g/kg

65
Q

glucose load for 2 step approach

A

150g

66
Q

oral glucose load should be administered within?

A

5 mins

67
Q

IV load should be administered within?

A

3 mins

68
Q

long term glucose control

A

glycated hemoglobin/ HbA1c

69
Q

short term glycose control

A

glycated albumin/ fructosamine

70
Q

HbA1c is tested every?

A

3-6 months

71
Q

fructosamine is tested every?

A

3-6 weeks

72
Q

measures B-D glucose specifically

A

glucose oxidase

73
Q

used for continuous monitoring for DM, trend in urine glucose monitoring

A

interstitial glucose

74
Q

RBSs should be separated from serum within __ to avoid glycolysis

A

30 mins

75
Q

critical levels for brain damage

A

< 40 mg/dl

76
Q

most common method in OGTT
-single dose and one step approach
- 2hr OGTT

A

janey-Isaacson method

76
Q

critical levels for comatose, organ failure

A

> 500 mg/dL

77
Q

a double dose method for OGTT and a two step approach
-3 hours OGTT

A

exton rose method

78
Q

2 oral doses of the double dose method

A

50g, 100g

79
Q

fasting requirement for OGTT

A

8-14 hrs

80
Q

Measures overall glucose hemostasis
-done first thing in the morning before breakfast

A

FBS/FPG

80
Q

this test is to check at any time of the day when you have severe diabetes symptoms.
requested during insulin shock and hyperglycemic ketonic coma

A

RBS/CPGT

81
Q

Not a test used o diagnose DM, only considered as a physicians to see if px are taking the right amount of insulin shot

A

2-hr PPBS/PPG

82
Q

fasting hours for GTT

A

8-14 hrs

82
Q

a multiple blood sugar test
can be used to diagnose DM and confirm a GDM status

A

GTT

83
Q

only glucose step with a hemolytic step

A

HbA1c

84
Q

reference value for glycated albumin

A

205-285 umol/L

85
Q

G-6-phosphatase

A

1a (von gierke)

86
Q

1,4-glucosidase

A

2 (pompei)

87
Q

glucose transporter 2

A

11 (Fanconi Bickel)

88
Q

most common glycogen storage disorder. it can cause pronounce hepatomegaly

A

VON GIERKE

89
Q

De Brancher

A

3a (cori forbes)

90
Q

brancher

A

4 (andersen)

91
Q

muscle phosphorylase

A

5 (Mc Ardle)

92
Q

liver phosphorylase

A

6 (hers)

93
Q

phosphofructokinase

A

7 (tarui)

94
Q

utilizes reducing property of glucose

A

alkaline copper reduction

95
Q

type 1 DM SMBG

A

monitored 3-4x

96
Q

type 2 DM SMBG

A

monitored infinitely

97
Q

the standard sodium is treated potassium ferricyanide

A

hagedorn-jensen

98
Q

quantification of reducing sugars

A

modified-folin Wu

99
Q

is a condensation method that has a short testing time but carcinogenic

A

ortho-toluidine/Dubowski method

100
Q

color of ortho-toluidine

A

blue

101
Q

when ortho-toluidine is added with glucose what is the product?

A

glycosylamine (green)

102
Q

specimen for glycated hemoglobin

A

EDTA wholeblood

103
Q

specimen for glycated albumin

A

serum

104
Q

reduction methods are __ erroneously higher than enzymatic methods

A

5-15 mg

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