CC CARBOHYDRATES Flashcards
metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate for production of energy
glycolysis
decomposition of fat
lipolysis
conversion of CHO to FA
lipogenesis
conversion of glycogen for storage
glycogenesis
breakdown of glucose for use as energy
glycogenolysis
formation of glucose 6-phosphate from noncarbo sources
gluconeogenesis
most common reducing sugar
glucose
do not contain an active ketone or aldehyde
non-reducing sugars
presence of double bond and a negative charge in the enol n ion
reducing sugars
most common reducing sugars
glucose
most active reducing sugar
ribose
2nd most active reducing sugar
xylose
3rd most active reducing sugar
arabinose
RSR for influenza virus
- N-acetylmuramic acid
sialic acid
RBC surface receptor for plasmodium/ malarial parasites
hyaluoronan
fungal cell wall
exoskeleton of crustaceans
chitin
main CHO storage in liver
storage form CHO in animals
glycogen
plant cell wall
no enzymes can digest this
cellulose
formed through hydrolysis of cellulose, maltose like sugar
cellobiose
simplest CHO
diose
only one possible diose
glycol aldehyde
the primary and only hypoglycemic agent.
- synthesized by B-cells
Insulin
insulin promotes what?
glycogenesis
glycolysis
lipogenesis
insulin inhibits what?
glycogenolysis
the primary and predominant hyperglycemic agent
- synthesized by alpha cells
-released during stress and during fasting
glucagon
glucagon is the first hormone to rise if serum glucose is?
< 75 mg/dL
FASTING PLASMA GUCAGON
25-50 pg/ml
balance optimum ratio between insulin and glucagon
- synthesized by delta cells
somatostatin
4 hormones that the islet cells secretes into the blood
insulin
glucagon
gastrin
somatostatin
artificial insulin production
pig pancreas
B-natriuretic peptide
pig brain
glucose normalizes within what time after eating a meal?
2-3 hr
in non diabetic indv. plasma glucose conc. peak at ___ after the start of a meal
60 mins
RBS for hypoglycemia
≤ 60 mg/dL
HbA1c can also be utilized to diagnose DM if the result is?
≥ 6.5%
hypoglycemia symptoms occur
50-55 mg/dL
male blood glucose after severe fasting
55-60 mg/dL
female blood glucose after severe fasting
40 mg/dL
FBS for hyperglycemia
≥ 126 mg/dL
random plasma glucose for DM
≤ 200 mg/dL
aldehyde hexose
glucose
reference method for glucose
hexokinase
reference value for glucose
80-100 mg/dL
conversion factor for glucose
0.0555
adults reference value for CSF Glucose
40-70 mg/dL
children reference value for CSF Glucose
60-80 mg/dL
CSF glucose increases during?
severe diabetes
marked decreased CSF glucose is indicative of?
bacterial meningitis
also known as deep respiration which usually occurs when the person is normally sleeping or in comatose
kussmaul-kien respiration
fasting for C-peptide test
8-12 hrs
used by physician to detect type 1 DM
C-peptide test
reference value for C-peptide test
0.9-4.3 ng/mL
conversion factor for C-peptide test
0.333
NORMAL c-peptide to insulin ratio
> 5-15: 1
ketone test is only recommended when plasma glucose reach?
300 mg/dL
NORMAL B-HBA to AAA ratio
1:1
DIABETES B-HBA to AAA ratio
6:1
mainly evaluates hypoglycemia
c-peptide test
disorder characterized by impaired ability to metabolize CHO
GDM
screening time for GDM
24th - 28th weeks of pregnancy
screening diagnosis
2-hour OGTT
routine/ standard glucose load?
75g
glucose load for obese
100g
glucose load for infant
1.75g/kg
glucose load for 2 step approach
150g
oral glucose load should be administered within?
5 mins
IV load should be administered within?
3 mins
long term glucose control
glycated hemoglobin/ HbA1c
short term glycose control
glycated albumin/ fructosamine
HbA1c is tested every?
3-6 months
fructosamine is tested every?
3-6 weeks
measures B-D glucose specifically
glucose oxidase
used for continuous monitoring for DM, trend in urine glucose monitoring
interstitial glucose
RBSs should be separated from serum within __ to avoid glycolysis
30 mins
critical levels for brain damage
< 40 mg/dl
most common method in OGTT
-single dose and one step approach
- 2hr OGTT
janey-Isaacson method
critical levels for comatose, organ failure
> 500 mg/dL
a double dose method for OGTT and a two step approach
-3 hours OGTT
exton rose method
2 oral doses of the double dose method
50g, 100g
fasting requirement for OGTT
8-14 hrs
Measures overall glucose hemostasis
-done first thing in the morning before breakfast
FBS/FPG
this test is to check at any time of the day when you have severe diabetes symptoms.
requested during insulin shock and hyperglycemic ketonic coma
RBS/CPGT
Not a test used o diagnose DM, only considered as a physicians to see if px are taking the right amount of insulin shot
2-hr PPBS/PPG
fasting hours for GTT
8-14 hrs
a multiple blood sugar test
can be used to diagnose DM and confirm a GDM status
GTT
only glucose step with a hemolytic step
HbA1c
reference value for glycated albumin
205-285 umol/L
G-6-phosphatase
1a (von gierke)
1,4-glucosidase
2 (pompei)
glucose transporter 2
11 (Fanconi Bickel)
most common glycogen storage disorder. it can cause pronounce hepatomegaly
VON GIERKE
De Brancher
3a (cori forbes)
brancher
4 (andersen)
muscle phosphorylase
5 (Mc Ardle)
liver phosphorylase
6 (hers)
phosphofructokinase
7 (tarui)
utilizes reducing property of glucose
alkaline copper reduction
type 1 DM SMBG
monitored 3-4x
type 2 DM SMBG
monitored infinitely
the standard sodium is treated potassium ferricyanide
hagedorn-jensen
quantification of reducing sugars
modified-folin Wu
is a condensation method that has a short testing time but carcinogenic
ortho-toluidine/Dubowski method
color of ortho-toluidine
blue
when ortho-toluidine is added with glucose what is the product?
glycosylamine (green)
specimen for glycated hemoglobin
EDTA wholeblood
specimen for glycated albumin
serum
reduction methods are __ erroneously higher than enzymatic methods
5-15 mg
