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CC > CC PART 1 ANALYTICAL METHODS > Flashcards

CC PART 1 ANALYTICAL METHODS Flashcards

1
Q

charac. as a spectrum from short wavelength to long wavelength

A

radiant energy

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2
Q

is the distance traveled by one complete wave cycle measured in nanometers

A

wavelength

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3
Q

symbol of wavelength

A

A

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4
Q

the ___ the wavelength, the greater the energy contained in the light and the greater the number of photons

A

shorter

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5
Q

<400 nm
has very short wavelengths

A

Ultraviolet (UV) light

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6
Q

> 700 nm
has very long wavelengths

A

infrared light

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7
Q

when all visible wavelengths of light _____ nm are combined _____ results

A

400-700 nm
white light

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8
Q

wavelength is _______ to frequency and energy

a. directly proportional
b. inversely proportional

A

b

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9
Q

used to check wavelength accuracy

A

didymium or holmium oxide filter

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10
Q

verify absorbance accuracy on linearity

A

neutral density filters and dichromate solution

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11
Q

it has been adopted for only a limited number of clinical laboratory analyses, required larger sample volume and most popular being lipoprotein particle measurements

A

NMR- Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

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12
Q

the concentration of a substance is DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL to the light absorbed and INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL to the light transmitted

A

Beer’s Law

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13
Q

simplest type of absorption spectrometer

a. single beam spectrophotometer
b. double beam spectrophotometer

A

a

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14
Q

makes one measurement at a time at one specifies wavelength

a. single beam spectrophotometer
b. double beam spectrophotometer

A

a

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15
Q

splits the monochromatic light into 2 components

a. single beam spectrophotometer
b. double beam spectrophotometer

A

b

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16
Q

2 types of double beam spectrophotometer

A

double beam in space
double beam in time

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17
Q

2 photodetectors

a. double beam in space
b. double beam in time

A

a

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18
Q

uses 1 photodetector and a chopper or rotating sector mirror

double beam in space
double beam in time

A

b

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19
Q

2 types of light source or exciter lamp

A

continuum source
line source

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20
Q

most common light source

A

tungsten light bulb

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21
Q

used in the UV region

A

Deuterium lamp

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22
Q

continuous source of radiation in both the UV and visible region

A

Xenon discharge lamp

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23
Q

UV and visible regions in spectro

A

mercury and sodium vapor lamp

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24
Q

UV and visible in AAS

A

hollow cathode lamp

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25
Q

is fixed in position and size to minimize unwanted or stray light and prevents scattered light into the monochromator system

A

entrance slit

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26
Q

any wavelength outside the band transmitted by the monochromator

A

stray light

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27
Q

disperses the light into isolated wavelengths

A

monochromator

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28
Q

selects the bandpass of the selected wavelength to pass through the exit slit

A

exit slit

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29
Q

most common cuvet used.

a. alumina/silica glass
b. quartz/plastic
c. borosilicate glass
d. soft glass

A

a

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30
Q

CUVET used in visible and UV spectra

a. alumina/silica glass
b. quartz/plastic
c. borosilicate glass
d. soft glass

A

B

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31
Q

CUVET used in visible spectra (380-700 nm)

a. alumina/silica glass
b. quartz/plastic
c. borosilicate glass
d. soft glass

A

C

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32
Q

MOST COMMONLY USED photodetector

A

Photomultiplier tube (PMT)

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33
Q

excellent sensitivity

a. Photomultiplier tube (PMT)
b. photodiode

A

a

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34
Q

excellent linearity

a. Photomultiplier tube (PMT)
b. photodiode

A

b

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35
Q

displays output of the detection system

A

meter or read out device

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36
Q

% TRANSMITTANCE against concentration

a. semilogarithmic paper
b. linear graph paper

A

A

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37
Q

ABSORBANCE against concentration

a. semilogarithmic paper
b. linear graph paper

A

B

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38
Q

Corrects for artefactual absorbance readings caused by the components of the system

A

Blanking technique or dual wavelength method

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39
Q

Blanking technique AKA

A

dual wavelength method

40
Q

may be necessary to clear the serum/ plasma of chylomicrons

A

ULTRACENTRIFUGATION

41
Q

used measurement of excited ions

A

flame emission photometry

42
Q

_____ serves as the light source and the cuvet for flame emission photometry

A

flame

43
Q

excitation of electrons from lower to higher energy state

A

flame emission photometry

44
Q

measures light absorbed by atoms in ground state disocciated by heat

A

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS)

45
Q

used for UNEXCITED trace elements (Calcium, Magnesium)

A

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS)

46
Q

light source of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS)

A

hollow cathode lamp

47
Q

anong dalawang unique sa Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS)

A

atomizer
chopper

48
Q

A LED lamp generates light which passes through a filter and a series of slits and is focused on the test surface.

A

reflectance photometry

49
Q

Principle of IRIS

A

reflectance photometry

49
Q

measures amount of light BLOCKED by particle formation in a turbid solution

A

Turbidimetry

50
Q

in turbidimetry, light transmitted is _________ to concentration

a. directly proportional
b. inversely proportional

A

B

51
Q

used for protein measurements (CSF, urine), detect bacterial growth in broth cultures, detect clot formation

A

Turbidimetry

52
Q

Unknown sample is made to react with known solution on the presence of an indicator

A

Volumetric / Titrimetric

53
Q

2 examples of Volumetric / Titrimetric

A

schales and schales method -chloride test
EDTA titration method- calcium test

54
Q

determines amount of light SCATTERED by particulate matter in a turbid solution

A

Nephelometry

55
Q

in nephelometry, light is measured at an angle_____ ?

A

15-90 degrees

56
Q

in nephelometry, detector output is _________ to concentration, number and size

a. directly proportional
b. inversely proportional

A

A

57
Q

used for measurement of antigen-antibody complexes

A

nephelometry

58
Q

used clinically to separate and identify proteins including serum, urine and CSF proteins, lipoproteins, isoenzymes and so on.

A

ELECTROPHORESIS

59
Q

What are the two buffers used in electrophoresis and their pH

A

Barbital - pH 8.6 (alkaline lelectro)
Citrate - pH 3 to 6.2 (acid electro)

60
Q

supporting media in electrophoresis that separates by molecular size

a. cellulose acetate
b. agarose gel
c. polyacrylamide gel

A

A

61
Q

supporting media in electrophoresis that separates by electric charge and it does not bind protein

a. cellulose acetate
b. agarose gel
c. polyacrylamide gel

A

b

62
Q

supporting media in electrophoresis that separates on the basis of charge and molecular size and separates proteins into 20 fractions

a. cellulose acetate
b. agarose gel
c. polyacrylamide gel

A

C

63
Q

MOST IMPORTANT WIDESPREAD CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROPHORESIS

A

detect monoclonal gammopathy

64
Q

is a technique where solutes in a sample are separated for identification based on the physical difference that allow their differential distribution between a mobile phase and stationary phase

A

Chromatography

65
Q

Semiquantitative drug screening test

A

TLC - Thin Layer Chromotography

66
Q

samples for TDM

A

serum / plasma

67
Q

sample used in drug of abuse

A

urine

68
Q

used for separation of steroids, barbiturates, blood, alcohol, and lipids
FOR HIGHLY VOLATILE SOLUTES

A

Gas chromatography

69
Q

based on the fragmentation and ionization of molecules using a suitable source of energy

A

MASS SPECTROSCOPY

70
Q

Gold standard for drug monitoring

A

GC-MS

71
Q

can detect 20 inborn error of metabolism

A

Tandem Mass Spectroscopy (MS/MS)

72
Q

uses fractionation of drugs, hormones, lipids, carbohydrates and proteins and rapid HBA1C test

FOR NON-VOLATILE SOLUTES

A

Liquid chromatography

73
Q

for non-volatile substances in BODY FLUIDS

A

Liquid chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (LC-MS)

74
Q

A complementary methof to GC-MS in confirming positive tests for illicit drugs

A

Liquid chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (LC-MS)

75
Q

measures light emitted by a molecule after excitation by electromagnetic radiation

A

FLUOROMETRY/ MOLECULAR LUMINESCENCE SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

76
Q

uses porphyrins, Mg, Ca, and catecholamines

A

FLUOROMETRY/ MOLECULAR LUMINESCENCE SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

77
Q

uses 2 monochromators

A

FLUOROMETRY/ MOLECULAR LUMINESCENCE SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

78
Q

1000x more sensitive than spectrophotometer

A

FLUOROMETRY/ MOLECULAR LUMINESCENCE SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

79
Q

any process that decreases the fluorescence intensity of a sample.

A

Quenching

80
Q

the chemical reaction yields an electronically excited compound that emits light as it returns to its ground state

A

Chemiluminescence

81
Q

used in IMMUNOASSAYS

A

Chemiluminescence

82
Q

what is the detector used in Chemiluminescence?

A

PMT

83
Q

More sensitive than fluorescence

A

Chemiluminescence

84
Q

in the procedure, the sample analyte is allowed to compete with a fluorophore-labeled analyte for a limited antibody to the analyte.

A

Fluorescence-Polarization

85
Q

based on measuring in the colligative properties of solutions that occur due to variations in particle concentration

A

Osmometry

86
Q

what are the osmotic particles of osmometry?

A

glucose
urea nitrogen
sodium

87
Q

most commonly used of osmometry

A

Freezing-point depression osmometry

88
Q

the difference between the calculated osmolality and the actual measured osmolality.

A

Osmolal gap

89
Q

measurement of difference in voltage potential at a constant current

A

Potentiometry

90
Q

potentiometry uses:

A

pH and pCO2

91
Q

measures the electrolyte dissolved in the fluid phase of the sample

A

Ion Selective electrode

92
Q

measures amount of electricity at a fixed potentital

A

Coulometry

93
Q

measurement of the current flow produced by an oxidation-reduction reaction

A

Amperometry

94
Q

Used in pO2

A

Amperometry

95
Q

measures differences in current at a constant voltage

A

Polarography

96
Q

Uses chloride test

A

Coulometry

CC (8 decks)

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