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Biology > CB7 > Flashcards

CB7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Nerves

A
  • Electrical signal
  • Very fast response
  • Act on precise area
  • Act for short time
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2
Q

Hormones

A
  • Chemical signal
  • Slow response
  • Act on general area
  • Act for long time
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3
Q

What are hormones?

A

Hormones are chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands and released directly in to the blood

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4
Q

How do hormones work?

A
  1. The gland makes a hormone
  2. The hormone diffuses in to the blood
  3. The blood carries the hormone to the target organ
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5
Q 
Glands of the body:
Ovaries 
Pancreas
Adrenal 
Thyroid
A

Ovaries - Make oestrogen and progesterone. Controls female development during puberty
Pancreas - Insulin and glucagon. Controls blood sugar levels
Adrenal - Adrenaline. Gets body ready for ‘flight of fight’ response.
Thyroid - Thyroxin. Controls how quickly chemical reactions happen in the body.

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6
Q

Adrenalin

A 
• Produce by adrenal glands
• ‘Fight or flight’ response
    - Increased heart rate
    - Increased blood pressure
    - Increased blood flow to muscles
    - Stimulates liver to turn glycogen in to glucose increasing sugar 
       levels
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7
Q

Why is it important that we eat every few hours?

A

Energy stored in food is constantly being transferred by all the reactions in your body to keep you alive

The rate at which this happens is known as your metabolic rate

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8
Q

Where is thyroxine produced?

A

In an endocrine gland, the thyroid gland.

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9
Q

Effects of thyroxine

A
  • Causes heart cells to contract more

* Causes proteins and carbohydrates to break down more quickly

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10
Q

Thyroxine levels to low

Steps:

A
  1. Detected by the hypothalamus which produces TRH
  2. TRH is detected by the pituitary gland which releases TSH
  3. TSH causes the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine
  4. Blood thyroxine levels increase
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11
Q

Glucose levels are controlled by two hormones made in the pancreas:

A
  1. Insulin - decreases the level of glucose
  2. Glucagon - increases the level of glucose
                 insulin Glucose ————>Glycogen

             Glucagon Glycogen ————> Glucose
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12
Q

Glucose levels too high

Steps:

A
  1. Pancreas releases insulin
  2. Insulin travels to liver
  3. Liver converts glucose to glycogen
  4. Glucose levels decrease
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13
Q

Controlling blood glucose

A

After a meal, the amount of glucose in your blood goes up. When it gets above a certain level, the pancreas releases a hormone called insulin. This causes the liver to convert glucose to glycogen.

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14
Q

Diabetes: Type 1

A
  • Treated using insulin injections
  • Thought to be caused by genetic factors
  • The pancreas doesn’t produce insulin
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15
Q

Diabetes: Type 2

A
  • Treated by a change in lifestyle or tablets
  • Causes by a number of risk factors: being overweight, poor diet, lack of exercise
  • The pancreas doesn’t produce insulin or the cells stop responding
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16
Q

BMI

Calculation

A

BMI = Mass (kg) / height (m)2

17
Q

FSH

A

Causes the egg to mature and stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen. Produced in pituitary gland

18
Q

Progesterone

A

Secreted by the follicle after egg has been released and becomes the corpus luteum. Produced in the ovaries

19
Q

LH

A

Stimulates the release of a mature egg. Produced in pituitary gland

20
Q

Oestrogen

A

High levels cause the pituitary gland to stop producing FSH and produce LH instead. Produce in the ovaries

21
Q

Contraception

A

Contraception is the prevention of fertilisation

22
Q

Male condom

A

Placed over the penis and stops sperm entering the vagina. Prevents fertilisation of the egg

23
Q

Diaphragm or cap

A

Blocks the cervix so the sperm cannot leave the vagina and reach the egg cell

24
Q

Hormone pill or implant

A

Causes the body to release hormones to prevent ovulation and thickens the mucus around the cervix to prevent the sperm leaving the vagina.

25
Q

Why might a couple not be able to conceive?

A
  • Lack of regular ovulation, the monthly release of an egg
  • Blocked or damaged fallopian tubes
  • Poor quality semen
  • Endometriosis- where tissue that behaves like the lining of the womb (the endometrium) is found outside the womb
26
Q

ART - Clomifene therapy

A

Clomifene therapy is where the female is given a drug containing hormones to help stimulate egg production

27
Q

ART - IVF

Steps:

A
  1. Egg follicle maturation stimulated by hormones
  2. Egg cells released by many follicles and taken from ovary
  3. Sperm cells taken from man
  4. Eggs and sperm combined to allow fertilisation
  5. One or two healthy embryos placed in uterus
28
Q

Insulin

A

The hormone released to decrease blood sugar levels

• When the glucose levels are too high insulin is released - when glucose turns to glycogen

29
Q

Glucagon

A

The hormone released to increase blood sugar levels

• When the glucose levels are too low glucagon is released - when glycogen turns to glucose

30
Q

Glucose

A

The type of sugar found in the blood

31
Q

Glycogen

A

The type of sugar stored in the liver

Biology (10 decks)

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