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Diseases Of Cats And Dogs > Cats And Dogs Diseases > Flashcards

Cats And Dogs Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

How do musculoskeletal disease happen?

A

Occurs as a result of trauma, fractures and ligament ruptures

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2
Q

What are the three degenerative diseases of cats and dogs?

A

Osteochondritis dissecans -OCD
Degenerative joint disease-DJD
No united anconeal process

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3
Q

What diseases cause inflammation?

A

Myositis and panosteitis

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4
Q

What is a poor condition disease?

A

Luxating patella and neoplasia

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5
Q

What are the causes of long bone fractures?

A

75% car accidents, indirect violence, bone disease, an repeated stress

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6
Q

What are the classifications of long bone fractures?

A

Open vs closed
Simple vs comminuted
Stable vs unstable

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7
Q

What are the signs of long bone fractures?

A

History of trauma, pain or localized tenderness,lameness, deformity of the bone, loss of function, crepitus, and localized swelling or bruising

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8
Q

How do you diagnosis long bone fractures in cats and dogs?

A

Radiographs at least 2 views
Diagnosis and characterize fx

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9
Q

How do you treat long bone fractures?

A

Reduction and fixation ASAP

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10
Q

What are the methods of fixation for long bone fractures?

A

Splits
Casts
Intramedullary pins
Bone plates
Combination of all the above

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11
Q

How long does it take for a bone fracture to heal?

A

5-8 weeks
Manage bandages, casts and splints-nursing

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12
Q

What does CCL stand for?

A

Cranial cruciate ligament injury in the dog
Common stifle injury of dogs

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13
Q

What is CCL?

A

Sudden hyperextension of the stifle while exercising
Major cause is DJD

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14
Q

Can you rupture or tear a CCL?

A

Yes it can be either major or minor instability

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15
Q

Who is most likely to get this bone disease?

A

Middle-age, obese, inactive animals
-50% of CCL injury also results in meniscus injury
Infreguent injury in cats

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16
Q

What are the signs of CCL?

A

Acute onset
Non-weight bearing, limping
Internal rotation of tibia when weight bearing is attempted
+/-stifle

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17
Q

How do you diagnose CCL?

A

Cranial drawer movement-tibia abnormally slides forward with respect to the femoral condyles
Tibial compression test(tibial thrust)-tibia moves forward with respect to the femur when the hock is fixed

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18
Q

How do you treat a CCL?

A

Main way is surgical stabilization and there are two types of
Extraarticular- small animals -<15 pounds,use of suture to stabilize the joint
Intraarticular- larger patients,TPLO- tibial plateau leveling osteotomy

Opposite CCL is likely to tear a year after the first one

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19
Q

What is a patellar luxation?

A

Medial asect of the knee, occurs early in life, usually not trauma related
Congenital- anatomic deformities
Medial bowling of the distal third of the femur
Shallow Trochlear sulcus ad a poorly developed dial ridge
Medial bowling of the proximal tibia
75-80% medial

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20
Q

What is a luxating patella on the lateral aspect?

A

Large and giant breed dogs
Affected by the dysplasia, medial rotation of the femur, lateral displacement of the patella
Usually bilateral
Cow hooked gait,foot twists laterally when bearing weight

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21
Q

How do you mechanically diagnose patellar luxation?

A

Palpation
Grading system-DVM
Radiographs

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22
Q

How do you treat a patellar luxation?

A

Surgical,soft tissue,fascia lata overlap,quadriceps release,patellar and tibial antirotational sutures

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23
Q

How do you reconstruct the bone of a luxating patella?

A

Trochleoplasty
Transposition of the tibial tubercle
Arthrodesis

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24
Q

When do you see hip dysplasia in dogs?

A

Rarely seen in patients <11-12kg

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25
What contributes to hip dysplasia?
Genetic predisposition Environmental and dietary factors Disparity between muscle mass and the developing skeletal system
26
What are the forms of hip dysplasia?
Acetabular- shallow acetabulum, most common Femoral shorten femoral neck looks abnormal on an x ray
27
What is a grade one of MPL?
Means that you can just kind pop it out but goes right back in
28
What is a grade 2 of MPL?
Out can get them all the way out, goes back in
29
What is a grade 3 of MPL?
They go out and they stay and then you can push them back i with manipulation,where they stay
30
What is a grade 4 of MPL?
Cannot get them back in
31
How do you diagnose hip dysplasia?
Radiographs OFA style For OFA certification - 2 years
32
How do you treat hip dysplasia?
Conservation- moderate exercise, weight control,anti-inflammatories Nutraceuticals Surgical Femoral head ostectom FHO,total hip replacement Triple pelvic ostectomy TPO
33
What is OSteochondrosis Dissecans OCD?
Degeneration or aseptic necrosis of bone and cartilage Followed by reossification,results in a dissecting cartilage flap w/inflammatory joint changes Underlying defect in endochondral ossification
34
What joints are affected in OCD?
Shoulder Stifle Hock Elbow
35
What are the signs of OCD?
Lameness in large breed dogs Affected 3-18 months of age
36
How do you diagnose OCD?
Radgraphs,cartilage flap +/-joint mice(loose cartilage pieces)
37
What is the treatment plan for OCD?
Rest and weight control Surgical
38
What is panosteitis?
Common disease that causes intermittent lameness in medium and large-breed dogs Affected
39
What does panosteitis show?
6-8 months old
40
Is lameness acute?
Yes but not trauma realted, may seem to shift from leg to leg Male dogs more commonly affected 66% of cases German Shepard over representing
41
What causes Panosteitis?
Unknown Possibly viral,genetic,predisposition,metabolic, and hormonal
42
How do you diagnose panosteitis?
Pain elicited on palpation of long bone(S) Radiographs: areas of increased radio density in the medullary cavity of long bones
43
How do you treat panosteitis?
Analgesics and anti-inflammatories
44
True or fase tumors on long bones are cancer, usually osteosarcoma?
True 85%-90% Cause is unknown
45
What are the most common affects in long bone tumors?
Distal radius Proximal humerus Distal femur Proximal tibia
46
What are the clinical signs of long bone tumors?
Lameness, weight loss.sever pain, especially over the area that is affected. Can be swelling. Anything that goes along with cancer
47
How do you diagnose long bone tumors?
Radiographs Biopsy Thoracic radiographs
48
How do you treat long bone tumors?
Amputation of affected limb Follow up- with chemo can increase survival time Radiation-can help with pain control
49
What is idiopathic vestibular disease?
Acute disorder of dogs and cats Signs include: incapacitating loss of balance,nystagmus,disorientation, ataxia, vomiting, anorexia
50
How do you diagnose idiopathic vestibular disease?
Clinical signs Bloodwork to r/o other nervous system diseases ODIC exam to rule out inner ear problems that can affect balance
51
What is the treatment of idiopathic vestibular disease?
Supportive Run its course
52
What is idiopathic epilepsy?
Seizures- no apparent cause
53
How do you diagnose idiopathic Epilepsy?
One of exclusion Videos are very helpful
54
What breeds get idiopathic epilepsy?
GSD Mini and toy poodles Saint Bernards Cocker spaniels Beagles Irish setters
55
How do you diagnose epilepsy?
Bloodwork to r/o hypocalcemia,hypoglycemia, infection,hepatic encephalopathy,lead poisoning Radiographs to r.o head trauma hydrocephalus CT scan or MRI to r/o brain lesions
56
How do you treat epilepsy?
Start treating if seizures occur more than once per month Drugs Phenobarbital
57
Is status epilepsy emergent?
Yes can be prolonged, uninterrupted seizure activity
58
How do you diagnose status epilepsy?
Seizure history and clinical signs Bloodwork
59
How do you treat status epilepsy?
Drugs Diazepam, anesthetize( propofol) Establish and airway,O2 therapy
60
What is intervertebral disk disease?
One of the most common disorders involving the spinal cord of small animals Disc herniations- 2 types
61
What is type on disk herniations?
Common in younger animals Acute rupture into the spinal cord
62
What is type 2 of disk herniations?
Common in older >5yrs large breed dogs Extrusion occurs over a longer period of time Less acute and es severe clinical signs Bloodwork Severity of spinal cord injury- speed at which the disk is deposited into the spinal canal
63
What are the signs of intervertebral disk disease?
A parent pain +/- motor or sensory deficits Acute onset type1 Paresis or paralysis-unilateral or bilateral Decreased panniculus reflex 1-2 vertebral spaces caudal to the response Altered deep pain response
64
How do you diagnose intervertebral disk disease?
Age, breed,clinical signs, history Complete neuro exam Radiographs Myelogram- definitive localization of lesion
65
How do you treat intervertebral disk diseases?
Medical- cage rest, corticosteroids,recurrence common Intensive nursing care- padded cage,u-catch or bladder expression, prevention of bed sores,proper nutrition and hydration Surgical- deep pain should be present-poor prognosis, asap to prevent further damage to spinal cord
66
What is cervical sppondyomyelopthay or wobblers syndrome?
Cervical spinal cord compression Caudal vertebral malformation C5-C7or misarticulation Common in Great Danes and Dobermans pinschers
67
What are the signs for wobblers syndrome?
History of progressive pelvic limb ataxia Abnormal weaning of the dorsal surface of the paws, nails, or both Swinging,wobbly gait- rear limbs Gait worse on rising Similar signs in front limbs +/-atrophy of scapular muscles Rigid flexión of neck without neck pain
68
How do you diagnose wobbler syndrome?
Bloodwork to rule out metabolic defects Radiographs Myelopathy- locating regions of compression CR or MRI- excellent diagnosis tools
69
How do you treat wobblers?
Medical- anti-inflammatories,neck brace, cage confinement Surgical- high potential for mobility and post surgical complications Decompression and stabilization
70
What is degenerative myelopathy?
Seen is GSD and GSD mixes Usually affects older dog mixes Exact cause unknown Symptoms slowly progress until the animal is unable to support weight with the rear limbs Gait worse Progressive incurable disease Degenerative of spinal nerves
71
What are the signs of degenerative myelopathy?
Slowly progressive hand limb paresis and ataxia Muscle atrophy
72
How do you diagnose degenerative myelopathy?
Neuro exam Lesion in the T3-L3 region Decreased or absent proprioception Increased to normal patellar reflex Lack of pain Normal sphincter
73
What is laryngeal paralysis?
Occurs in dogs and cats Forms either hereditary 4-6 months old or acquired 1.5-13 years old
74
How do you get laryngeal paralysis?
Lead poisoning,rabies.trauma.inflammation of the vagus nerve Idiopathic in middle age to large and giant breed dogs Casterated male dogs and cats> female and non neutered animals
75
How do you diagnose laryngeal paralysis?
Laryngoscope- laryngeal abductor
76
What are the signs of laryngeal paralysis?
Inspratory stridor, respiratory distress, loss of endurance, vice change, dyspnea,cyanosis,complete respiratory collapse
77
How do you treat laryngeal paralysis?
Unilateral arytenod tie back
78
What is megaesophagus?
Lack of esophagus peristalsis-dilation of the esophagus and regurgitation Forms- congenital- usually evident around weaning time, chronic regurgitation,weight loss, respiratory signs, pneumonias
79
What breeds get mega esophagus?
Great Danes GSD Irish setter Newfoundlands
80
How do you diagnose megaesophagus?
Radiographs evidence of a dilated esophagus Prognosis is guarded to poor Mamngement- elevated feeding-Bailey chair Provide liquid or soft diet- high calorie Several small meals throughout the day Aspiration pneumonias- not if..when No cure
81
What is tick paralysis?
Common dog tick Rockymountain woood tick Female ticks Interferes with acetylcholine concentrations at the neurmuclluar junction
82
What are the signs of tick paralysis?
Presence of ticks on the dog Gradual development of hind limb ataxia Altered voice and dysphasia may be seen Recumency within 24-72hours Reflexes lost while sensation remains Respiratory paralysis- death
83
How do you diagnose tick paralysis?
Rule out causes of neuromuscular disease and see ticks on body
84
How do you treat tick paralysis?
Removal of all ticks from the animal Physical Drug Supportive care Ventilator if respiratory paralysis occurs
85
What are the erythrocyte disorders?
In dogs and cats With decreased production, increased destruction, inappropriate loss or hemorrhage Anemia- most common Secondary
86
Major blood disorder causes?
Hemorrhage, hemolysis Blood parasites
87
What is immune-mediated hemolytic anemia?
Red blood cells coated with antibodies causing the immune system to destroy them. Dogs2-8 years old 4x more prevalent in females
88
What breeds get IMHA?
Poodles,old English sheepdogs, Irish setter,cocker spaniels
89
What are the signs of IMHA?
Anorexia Listlessness, weakness Depression
90
How do you diagnose IMHA?
CBC Leukcytosis Absolute neutrophil is with a left shift Regenerative anemia
91
How do you treat IMHA?
Aimed at improving tissue oxygenated and managing immune response Glucocorticoids Drugs to prevent gastric ulcerative Heparin to prevent thromboembolism Blood transfusions
92
What is immune-mediated thrombocytopenia?
Cause is unknown 2x more likely in females Dogs 5-6 years of age Platelets coated with antibodies causing the immune system to destroy them in the spleen, bone marrow, and liver As platelets drop to <30,000 thrombocytes/mm3
93
What are the signs of IMTP?
Petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages on skin and mucosal surfaces Bloody stool or vomit
94
How do you diagnose IMTP?
R.o other causes of thrombocytopenia DIC, lymphoma Bone marrow Actively budding egakaryocytees and increased plasma cells Clinical signs and response to treatment
95
How do you treat IMTP?
Steroids: prednisone Chemo: vincristine Platelet rich blood transfusion GI protectant
96
What is ehrlichiosis?
Ehrlichia canis rickettsial disease spread by the brown dog tick SE and SW United States Primarily on tropical and subtropical environments throughout the world
97
What are the signs of Ehrliichiosis?
Acute phase- depression,anorexia,fever,weight loss, ocular and nasal discharge, dyspnea,edema of the limbs, lymphadenopathy Chronic phase- bleeding tendencies, severe weight loss, debilitation, abdominal pain
98
How do you diagnose?
Hematology and serology
99
How do you treat ehrilichiosis?
Antibiotics Good prognosis Reinfection may occur Tick control important
100
What is Von Willebrands disease?
Promotes platelet clumping primary Hemostasis Perform BMBT on suspected cases prior to surgery Most common inherited disorder of Hemostasis
101
What breeds get Von Willebrands disease?
Dobermans GSD Labs Affected animals should not be used for breeding
102
What are the signs of vWD?
Easy bruising prolonged bleeding during estrus
103
How do you diagnose vWD?
BMBT >4 minutes Low level of vWF in plasma DNA confirmation of the gene defect Positive ELISA
104
How do you treat vWF?
Manage bleeding episodes with plasma or croprecipitate Desmopressin acetate can be used to control bleeding during surgery Effects last about 2 hours Increases factor VIII in the blood
105
What is relive immunodeficiency virus FIV?
Endemic in most of the U.S. Greatest risk- outdoor,male cats 1.5-3x females Average age 608 years
106
How do you diagnose FIV?
In house serology
107
How do you treat FIV?
Supportive care Limit contact with other cats Do not vaccinate for FIV
108
What is the acute stage of FIV?
Mild symptoms - recurrent fever, lethargy, anorexia, generalized lymphadenopathy
109
What is the subclinical signs of FIV?
Usually no clinical signs, shown however, disease is processing
110
What are the chronic clinical stages of FIV?
Chronic stomatitis with weight loss Recurrent URI Chronic enteritis Persistent dermatophytosis Ocular disease Tumors

Diseases Of Cats And Dogs (10 decks)

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