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KC Jr HB Questions > Category A: Nutrition--DONE > Flashcards

Category A: Nutrition--DONE Flashcards

1
Q

How much water will a 1000 pound horse drink per day?

A

6-12 gallons.

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2
Q

In extremely cold weather, which will produce more body heat when eaten, hay or grain?

A

Hay produces more heat.

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3
Q

What is the most important factor affecting the quality of a forage at the time of harvesting?

A

Stage of maturity.

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4
Q

What are the 2 basic classifications of forages?

A

Legumes and grasses.

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5
Q

What is the most common method used to process forages?

A

Baling.

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6
Q

What is the oldest & most common method of selecting hay?

A

Visual appraisal.

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7
Q

What is the most economical source off supplemental protein?

A

Soybean meal.

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8
Q

What are the 2 most important dietary energy components in feeds?

A

Fats & carbohydrates.

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9
Q

What is the most commonly cubed forage?

A

Alfalfa.

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10
Q

What is the device used to collect samples for analysis is baled hay?

A

Bale probe or bale core.

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11
Q

How much water will a 1000 pound horse drink per day?

A

10-12 gallons.

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12
Q

What is the deficient amino acid in hays and grains?

A

Lysine.

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13
Q

Typically horses receive nutrients from what 3 general sources?

A

Hay, Pastures & Grains.

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14
Q

Which feed is used extensively in diets for horses that have respiratory problems such as heaves?

A

Beet pulp.

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15
Q

What is possibly the simplest and least expensive dry method of processing grain?

A

Grinding.

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16
Q

Which nutrients are usually considered to be the body’s fuel?

A

Energy nutrients( fats and carbs).

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17
Q

Describe the color of a good quality hay.

A

Bright, leafy, green.

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18
Q

Where is most of the nutrient value found in hay?

A

Leaves.

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19
Q

What is the most readily available grain in most sections of the country?

A

Corn.

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20
Q

What type hay is the best type of hay for horses?

A

Good quality grass-legume mixed hay.

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21
Q

Which hays tend to be the least dusty?

A

Good grass hays.

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22
Q

What are the two basic types of forages?

A

Grasses and legumes.

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23
Q

Name the two minerals that the horse relies on most heavily for bone formation.

A

Calcium and phosphorus.

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24
Q

Name the two basic classifications of forages.

A

Legumes and grasses.

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25
Q

Name two ways that barley and milo should be processed before using them in a horse feed.

A

Crimped or rolled.

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26
Q

Pelleting horse feed can reduce the storage space requirements by how much?

A

Up to 75%.

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27
Q

How much more digestible energy is contained in grains than hays?

A

Grains have 50-60% more.

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28
Q

Lysine is a type of what nutrient?

A

Protein (amino acid)

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29
Q

Lysine is a type of what nutrient

A

Protein (amino acid)

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30
Q

Name two disadvantages of feeding straight oats for grain

A

Cost per unit of energy and variations in quality

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31
Q

Which feed by-product is made by drying the residual beet chips after the sugar has been extracted

A

Beet pulp

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32
Q

If you put extruded and pelleted feed each in a separate container of equal volume which would weigh more

A

Pelleted feeds may weigh twice as much as extruded feeds

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33
Q

In feeding management what is the wicking effect

A

Uptake of ground moisture into a bale of hay

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34
Q

What nutrients are harder for an older horse to digest

A

Fiber

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35
Q

What are five forms of harvested forages

A

Square bales, round bales, hay cubes, chopped hay, pelleted hay and silage

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36
Q

how can the likelihood of blister beetle poisoning be reduced when feeding alfalfa hay from the southwest

A

feed early season first cutting alfalfa

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37
Q

how many mineral elements are required in diets of horses

A

twenty one

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38
Q

what percentage of protein should be in a suckling foals creep feed

A

sixteen to eighteen percent protein

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39
Q

how much concentrate can be fed at one time

A

never more than 0.75 of the horses body weight

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40
Q

what is quidding

A

dropping partially chewed feed from the mouth

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41
Q

which nutrient is commonly involved as a cofactors for the enzymes that convert fat and carbohydrates into energy

A

vitamins

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42
Q

feral and other free ranging horses will spend how long grazing per day in good forage

A

ten to twelve hours

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43
Q

what is the form of stored fuel for exercise of high intensity and short duration

A

glycogen

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44
Q

what is the primary site for digestion and absorption of fats

A

small intestines

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45
Q

what is the average weight of a small bale of hay

A

40-80 pounds

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46
Q

what is the maximum amount of concentrates that should be fed at any one feeding

A

no more than.75 of a horses body weight

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47
Q

how many different minerals are required in the diet of horses and what are the 2 classifications of them

A

21 different minerals classified as micro and macro (major) minerals

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48
Q

what class of nutrients do thiamine, riboflavin, and folic acid belong to

A

vitamins

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49
Q

which nutrient is an important structural component for muscle tissue, growth, and tissue maintenance

A

proteins

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50
Q

what is the term for the units of measure that describes the amount of energy needed by a horse and is equal to 1000 calories

A

mega calories

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51
Q

there are considerable differences in density among horse feeds. therefore, feeding should not be by volume but by what method

A

feed by weight

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52
Q

when does a pregnant mare have the greatest nutritional requirements

A

during the third trimester of her gestation period

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53
Q

what are the organic compounds required in small amounts for the normal functioning of the body that are classified as water soluble and fat soluble

A

vitamins

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54
Q

what is a by-product of sucrose refined from sugar cane, sugar beets or from the manufacture of dried citrus pulp

A

molasses

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55
Q

what are the 21 different elements found in organic ash of feeds after burning off the organic matter

A

minerals

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56
Q

what are oat groats

A

oats with the hulls removed

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57
Q

if the percentage of protein in the form of lysine is higher in animal products such as dried skim milk and fish meal why is soybean meal more commonly used

A

soybean meal is less expensive

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58
Q

do most grains have more calcium than phosphorus

A

6-8 times more phosphorus

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59
Q

which type of hay should not be fed to horses with kidney problems

A

alfalfa

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60
Q

what are the 2 classifications of amino acids

A

essential and non-essential

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61
Q

When buying or selling and using a hay analysis report, what factor should be a prime consideration

A

RFV (relative feeding value)

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62
Q

grain processing may be roughly divided into 2 catagories, name them

A

dry processing and wet procssing

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63
Q

What is the primary objective of most grain processing methods

A

to improve the availability of starch

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64
Q

what factor is determined by the amount of seed heads of grasses and the flowers of legumes present at the time of harvest

A

stage of maturity

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65
Q

what part of alfalfa provides the mast nutrition

A

its leaves

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66
Q

what percent of fat in the diet can a horse tolerate and use for energy

A

10-15%

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67
Q

what method of processing feeds forces ground feed through a die under pressure and steam and heat produces a feed that has the consistency of dry dog food

A

extruded

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68
Q

name 2 grains that must be processed before feeding

A

Rye, milo, barley, and wheat.

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69
Q

name a way feed might be processed to aid in digestion for older horses or horses with poor teeth

A

ground, crimped, or pelleted

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70
Q

what are the 5 types of nutrients

A

water, energy, vitamins, minerals, protien

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71
Q

how much of the adult horses body is made up of water

A

65-85%

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72
Q

how much of the foals body is made up of water

A

75-80%

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73
Q

a loss of what percent of the bodies total water content can be fatal

A

12-15%

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74
Q

fresh green pasture contains about how much water

A

75%

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75
Q

how long can a horse live without water

A

a few days

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76
Q

how long can a horse live without food

A

a few weeks

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77
Q

feeds that are low in fiber and high in TDN are called what

A

concentrates

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78
Q

feeds that are high in fiber and low in TDN are called what

A

forages

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79
Q

what is the general term for the less digestible form of carbohydrates found in foodstuffs

A

Fiber

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80
Q

what is the complex compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, which mainly supply building material for the body

A

protiens

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81
Q

What is the term for the part of each nutrient which is digested, taken into the body and used?

A

Digestible nutrient

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82
Q

what is the compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen which mainly supply energy to the body

A

carbohydrates

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83
Q

what is the term for the entire feed allowed to an animal during a 24 hour day whether it is all given at 1 time or at different times

A

ration

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84
Q

what is the term for a ration that contains all of the digestible nutrients that will properly nourish an animal for 24 hours

A

balanced ration

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85
Q

what is the term for a ration that furnishes just enough of each of the nutrients required to support an animal which is doing no work and yielding no product so that it will neither gain nor lose weight

A

maintenance ration

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86
Q

what is the sum of the digestible protein, digestible carbohydrates and digestible fat

A

TDN

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87
Q

what is the term for that which is left in a feed sample after the water has been removed

A

dry matter

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88
Q

what is the term for the minerals that are needed in very small amounts for the normal function of the body

A

trace minerals

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89
Q

what do the initials,CHO stand for in regards to nutrients

A

carbohydrates

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90
Q

which of the nutrients is the primary energy nutrient

A

carbohydrates

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91
Q

name 2 examples of simple carbohydrates

A

sugars and starches

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92
Q

name a complex carbohydrate

A

cellulose

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93
Q

which type of carbohydrates would be most commonly found in molasses, grains and lush young grasses

A

simple carbohydrates

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94
Q

digested fats are very dense and provide how much more usable energy than carbohydrates

A

2.25 times more

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95
Q

what is the by-product feed produced from the outer layer of the wheat kernal

A

wheat bran

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96
Q

which nutrients are required to give power to muscles, the brain, and the digestive system

A

energy nutrients (carbohydrates and fats)

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97
Q

excess fat that is eaten is stored as what

A

fat

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98
Q

dry matter is what is left in a feed sample after what has been removed

A

water

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99
Q

what are the “building blocks” of protein from which the bodies are built

A

Amino acids

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100
Q

what are the material that forms in all body tissues

A

amino acids

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101
Q

proteins consist of long chains of what materials

A

Amino acids

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102
Q

When are proteins broken down into amino acids?

A

during digestion

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103
Q

Without iron in the blood, what could not be carried to the body cells?

A

Oxygen

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104
Q

what are considered to be the body’s “building blocks”?

A

proteins

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105
Q

How are amino acids carried to the muscle, internal organs, bones, blood, skin and hair to be used to form body tissues?

A

Carried by the blood

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106
Q

Beta carotene is converted in the body into which vitamin?

A

Vitamin A

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107
Q

what is the term for minerals that are needed in larger amounts?

A

macro minerals

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108
Q

What is the term for minerals that are needed in tiny amounts?

A

Trace or micro minerals

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109
Q

Name the vitamin that the horse gets from the sunlight or from skin cured hays and uses this vitamin for making strong bones.

A

Vitamin D

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110
Q

What term describes the feed nutrients such as calcium, phosphorus, copper, sodium, and iron?

A

Minerals

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111
Q

there are tow main forms of forages, one is dry forages such as hays and straw, what is the other form of green forage?

A

Pastures

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112
Q

What is a common problem with hay that can cause breathing problems for the horse and makes the hay not taste very good?

A

Too much dust in the hay or mold

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113
Q

In very cold weather, which will produce more body heat and keep the horse warmer – feeding more grain, more hay or more salt?

A

more hay

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114
Q

What is the normal body temperature of a normal healthy adult horse?

A

100-101.5

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115
Q

what is the normal pulse or heart rate for a normal healthy idle horse?

A

45-60 beats per minute

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116
Q

What is the normal breathing or respiration rate for a normal adult healthy idle horse?

A

8-15 breathes per minute

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117
Q

Which part of grasses can be used to determine it’s stage of maturity?

A

The head of grass

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118
Q

In referring to nutrients, what do the initials, Ca stand for?

A

Calcium

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119
Q

Dehydrated forages are made by processing lush-growing, highly nutritious forages through a heated dryer called what?

A

dehydrator

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120
Q

Which type of forage is used mostly as vitamin and protein supplements, a high fiber content and are processed through a heated dryer?

A

dehydrated forages

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121
Q

Horses should be rotated to fresh pastures, how often?

A

every 2 weeks

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122
Q

which grain is high in TDN but is low in protein, fiber, calcium, and phosphorus?

A

Corn

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123
Q

What health problem can be caused by feeding dusty hay?

A

Heaves or respiratory problems

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124
Q

What should be suspected if you find dull, dark hay with dust and mold inside the bale of hay to be purchased?

A

hay was baled before it was dry enough

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125
Q

Name a dehydrated forage.

A

Alfalfa leaf meal

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126
Q

Hay that is baled too wet may have fermentation within the bale, which sometimes can cause serious problems within the hay loft?

A

Fire form spontaneous combustion

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127
Q

What is the general percentage of molasses that is added to commercially mixed grain rations?

A

5-15%

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128
Q

Excessive exposure to sunlight and air can decrease the content of which nutrient in hay?

A

Carotene ( vitamin A)

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129
Q

Finely ground corn should not be fed alone because it may increase the risk of what problem?

A

colic

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130
Q

What are 2 physical forms in which salt may be offered to horses for consumption?

A

block and loose

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131
Q

Allowing a hot horse to drink large quantities of water, may cause what problem?

A

Founder (laminitis)

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132
Q

name 2 ways milo can be fed to horses.

A

Crushed or ground

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133
Q

Which part of legumes can be used to determine its stage of maturity?

A

Bud or bloom

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134
Q

Why should you feed more hay in the winter that grain if grain has a higher energy content?

A

Fermentative digestion of hat produces more body heat and keeps horse warmer

135
Q

it is a good idea to feed what prior to placing horses in good pasture for the first time in the spring

A

Hay before turning them in to the pasture

136
Q

In winter a horse should not be forced to eat snow to meet its water needs. How much snow would have to be eaten to equal one quart of water?

A

12 quarts

137
Q

When classifying feeds, into which category do grains, energy-rich supplements, by product feeds, vitamin and mineral supplements fall?

A

Concentrates

138
Q

When classifying feeds, into which category do pastures and hays fall?

A

Forages

139
Q

Which of the 2 main forms of forages has a higher dry matter content?

A

Dry forages

140
Q

Corn oats, by-product feeds and supplemental vitamins, minerals or protein would be classified in which of the 3 main types of feeds?

A

Concentrates

141
Q

Grass and legume hays, straw and pastures would be classified in to which of the 3 main types of feeds?

A

Forages

142
Q

Diclacium phosphate is a good source of which 2 minerals?

A

Calcium and phosphorus

143
Q

A horse weight tape can be used to estimate the weight of a horse by measuring where on the horse?

A

Around the heart girth

144
Q

An excess of which mineral can interfere with the complete utilization of phosphorus in a ration?

A

Calcium

145
Q

What is the term for the “hard to digest” carbohydrates in grasses?

A

Cellulose

146
Q

What is the component that mineral have that vitamins lack?

A

Carbon

147
Q

Fats are higher in the percentage of which 2 elements than carbohydrates?

A

Carbon and hydrogen

148
Q

Hay that is pale yellow or of a brownish color, is likely to have what happened to it prior to baling?

A

Rained on or baled before it was dry

149
Q

Hay stored indoors for one to two years will lose about what percentage of its nutrient content?

A

15-20%

150
Q

Dehydrated forages are made by processing lush-growing, highly nutritious forages through a heated dryer is called what?

A

Dehydrator

151
Q

Excessive exposure to sunlight and air can decrease the content of which nutrient in hay?

A

Carotene (vitamin A)

152
Q

What is the general term for a feed component that aids in the support of life?

A

Nutrient

153
Q

What is the term for the term for the amount of a nutrient found in feed?

A

Crude or total nutrient

154
Q

What type of amino acids can be built within the horses body by breaking down and reconstructing the essential amino acids?

A

non-essential amino acids

155
Q

Proteins are considered high in quality when they contain more of what?

A

essential amino acids

156
Q

Name the chemical elements that make up proteins.

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sometimes sulfur, phosphorus and iron

157
Q

Why are there different levels of protein in grain mixtures?

A

protein levels in grain should compliment protein levels in the forages. pastures\ hays with lots of legumes require less protein in grain mix. mature grasses have lower protein level and require more protein in the grain . growing foals need more protein

158
Q

what type of nutrient is most important to increase in the diet of the horse that is increasing the amount of work it is performing?

A

carbohydrates and fats (energy nutrients)

159
Q

name 3 different body tissues that use protein from the diet.

A

muscle, skin, hair, bones, internal organs, blood, hooves

160
Q

what are 2 main types of vitamins?

A

fat soluble and water soluble

161
Q

name the 4 fat soluble vitamins.

A

A, D, E, K

162
Q

which vitamins are considered to be water soluble vitamins ?

A

B and C

163
Q

what 2 parts of the body are fat soluble vitamins stored?

A

fat cells and liver

164
Q

what type of vitamins are not stored in the body and secreted with water?

A

water soluble vitamins

165
Q

which 2 vitamins are essential in the diet because they can not be manufactured in the body ?

A

vitamins A and E

166
Q

name 2 vitamins that are produced by metabolic reactions inside the horses body.

A

vitamins C and D, niacin

167
Q

name two vitamins that are produced by bacteria in the horses cecum and large colon.

A

all of the B vitamins and vitamin K

168
Q

Which mineral works with vitamin E to protect the body tissue and maintains muscle coordination?

A

Selenium

169
Q

Which mineral is needed for the production of cobalamin, a B-complex vitamin?

A

Cobalt

170
Q

What is cobalamin?

A

a B-complex vitamin

171
Q

If feeding a protein supplement is high in energy value, why not always add it to a ration?

A

It is useless if protein requirements are complete in balanced rations, it is expensive and can cause digestive upsets

172
Q

Spring pastures can be quite laxative, which type of pastures tend to be the most laxative?

A

Legume Pastures

173
Q

What are 2 different kinds of salt used for horses?

A

White salt and trace mineral salt

174
Q

What do the initials TDN stand for?

A

Total digestible nutrients

175
Q

Name 4 by-product feeds from grain milling industry commonly used in horse feeds.

A

Wheat bran, rice bran, wheat middling, rye middling

176
Q

oats nutritional value varies considerably due to the proportions of what two parts of the grain?

A

Fibrous hull to nutritious inner kernel of grain

177
Q

Before purchasing hay, it is a good idea to do what simple test of quality?

A

Open several bales and examine them for quality

178
Q

name 3 nutrients that are found in higher levels in legumes than grasses.

A

Protein, energy, calcium, phosphorus

179
Q

what is the term for colorized salt with small amounts of minerals?

A

Trace mineral salt

180
Q

Because it’s sticky, sweet and smells good this is added to a grain ration to increase the horse’s appetite, what is it?

A

Molasses

181
Q

Name 2 ways barley can be fed to horses.

A

Rolled or ground

182
Q

Since barley can cause colic if fed alone, it should be mixed with at least what percent of oats?

A

At least 25% oats

183
Q

Other than a source of nutrition, what is another use of pasture?

A

Exercise

184
Q

Of the following which 2 will have the highest percentage of TDN: grains, grasses, hays, protein supplements?

A

Grains and protein supplements

185
Q

What is the safest and easiest grain to feed?

A

Oats

186
Q

What grain is higher in protein and fiber but lower in energy than corn?

A

Oats

187
Q

Name 4 commonly used mineral supplements added to horse feed.

A

Salt iodized salt, ground limestone, steamed bone meal, dicalcium phosphate

188
Q

Of the for most commonly used protein supplements, which one is the lowest in protein and usually is not the most economical source of protein.

A

Linseed Meal

189
Q

Name two problems that can be caused by heavy rain on nearly cured mowed hay.

A

Loss of carotene (vitamin A) carbohydrates and protein

190
Q

Why should salt be available to horses at all times, especially in the summer?

A

They lose significant amounts of salt through swaet, which may not be replaced by the grain portion of the ration alone.

191
Q

What is the term for the number of horses that can be properly grazed on a plot of land?

A

Carrying Capacity

192
Q

Which hays tend to be the most dusty?

A

Pure Legumes

193
Q

Always feed grain concentrates by what unit of measure?

A

Weight

194
Q

What is the term for a commercially balanced coarse, tasty mixture of grain, a protein source, vitamins and lots of molasses?

A

Sweet feed

195
Q

Name 2 reasons why you should rotate your pastures.

A

reduce internal parasite infection and increase productivity of pasture.

196
Q

what are the 4 energy-rich grains commonly used in horse feeds/

A

corn, oats, barley, and milo

197
Q

Of the different types of grass hays, which type of grass hay is lowest in protein?

A

Prairie grass

198
Q

Name 4 protein supplements that are commonly used for horses.

A

Soybean meal, linseed meal, cottonseed meal, and peanut meal

199
Q

Name 5 factors that help select a good quality hay.

A

stage of maturity, species of hay, leafiness, color smell, lack of dust and mold, nutrient value.

200
Q

name 2 grains that are usually ground rather than used whole in a horse feed.

A

Barley and milo

201
Q

name 2 by-product feeds that are good sources of thiamine and niacin and also supply fair amount of protein and energy.

A

Wheat bran and rice bran

202
Q

Which type of hay is most likely to have a calcium to phosphorus ratio imbalance?

A

Legumes

203
Q

name 5 grass hays commonly used for horses.

A

timothy, orchard grass, brome, bermuda, native western mountain, and prairie grass

204
Q

Of the following which 2 will have the higher content of moisture: grains, protein supplements, silage’s, hays or pastures?

A

silages and pastures

205
Q

Name 2 problems that dust in hay can cause.

A

makes hay unpalatable (not taste good) and can cause heaves and other respiratory problems

206
Q

what is used in grain mixture as a concentrated appetizer and dust settler?

A

molasses

207
Q

what is usually added to mixed feeds to increase palatability?

A

molasses

208
Q

What are the 2 main forms of forages?

A

dry forages and pastures

209
Q

When classifying feeds, into which category do cereal grains, combined with protein source, balanced with vitamins and minerals and possibly added molasses fall?

A

mixed feeds

210
Q

Which of the 2 main forms of forages has a higher water content?

A

pastures

211
Q

name 2 things that are found in higher quantities in grasses than in legumes.

A

fiber and dry matter

212
Q

name 4 factors to consider when selecting a horse feed.

A

suitability of feed, availability, cost, nutrient content, quality, convenience, function of the horse, experience of horse owner.

213
Q

commercially prepared sweet feeds and complete pelleted feeds would fall into which of the 3 main types of feeds?

A

mixed feeds

214
Q

Soil fertility, soil type and climate influence what 2 important qualities in good hay?

A

productivity and nutrient content

215
Q

Most commercially prepared feed will fall into which of the 3 main types of feeds?

A

mixed feeds

216
Q

which type of concentrate is somewhat laxative and bulky and usually contains about 65% of TDN?

A

brans

217
Q

What is the more common term for sodium chloride?

A

salt

218
Q

name the only nutrient of any significance that is obtainsed by addedin molasses to a feed.

A

energy

219
Q

Since molasses offers very little in nutritional value, why is it added to horse feed?

A

settles dust and makes it taste better

220
Q

Name 3 important factors about your horse to consider when balancing a ration.

A

age, weight, type of work, horse is performing

221
Q

Generally speaking, which type of horse will require the least amount of feed, digestible protein, TDN, calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin A content in a ration.

A

Mature, idle, horse doing less than one hour of riding daily

222
Q

Approximately how many pounds of feed are necessary for a 400 pound weanling?

A

11-12 pounds daily

223
Q

Approximately how many pounds of feed are necessary for a 600-700 pound yearling?

A

13-14 pounds daily

224
Q

Approximately how many pounds of feed are necessary for a 1,000 pound mature idle horse?

A

16-17 pounds daily

225
Q

Approximately how many pounds of feed are necessary for a 1,000 pound lactating mare?

A

28-30 pounds daily

226
Q

Approximately how many pounds of feed are necessary for a 1,000 pound breeding stallion doing moderate breeding?

A

20-22 pounds daily

227
Q

what is the best way to determine the actual weight of a horse?

A

use a scale

228
Q

The nutrient composition of a feed, the quantities of nutrients in feeds being fed, daily nutrient requirements, age, weight and type of work performed by the horse are all used to calculate what?

A

balance feed ration for the horse

229
Q

name 3 things that happen to hay that has started to ferment.

A

energy value is lost, hay becomes dusty, moldy and has a dark, dull color, heating occurs and can start a fire

230
Q

name 4 factors that can cause the requirements of nutrients to change.

A

age, size, health, environment (heat, cold, humidity), activity (maintenance, performance, reproduction, growth, lactation)

231
Q

name 5 factors that will affect the water needs of the horse.

A

age, health, size, activity (maintenance, gestation, lactation, work), type of feed eaten, enviroment

232
Q

name 2 activities that would cause the greatest increase in the water needs of a horse.

A

lactation and moderate to heavy work

233
Q

Name 4 important functions of water as a nutrient.

A

regulates body temperature, necessary of life and shape of all cells, transports nutrients to and wastes away from cells lubricates and protects body, necessary part of all body fluids.

234
Q

name 5 of the essential amino acids needed by the horse.

A

lysine, threonine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, isoleucine, histadine, arginine, trytophan, methionine, phenylalamine

235
Q

Name 8 of the essential amino acids needed by the horse.

A

Lysine, threonine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, histadine, arginine, tryptophan, methionine, phenylalamine

236
Q

How is excess consumed protein used by the body?

A

nitrogen is removed from the amino acids and excreted in the urine. Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen remaining from the amino acid is used for energy like charbohydrates

237
Q

name 4 b-complex vitamins.

A

thiamine, riboflavin, biotin, follic acid, cobalamin, niacin, choline, pryidoxine, and pantothenic acid.

238
Q

Name 4 micro-minerals.

A

copper, zinc, iron, manganese, iodine, selenium, cobalt

239
Q

Name 4 macro minerals.

A

calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sulfur, sodium, chloride

240
Q

Name 3 micro-minerals and 3 macro-minerals.

A

micro- copper, zinc, iron, manganese, iodine, selenium, cobalt
macro- calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sulfur, sodium, chloride

241
Q

Name 3 things that will increase the water needs of a horse.

A

lactation, growth, and work

242
Q

Name 4 factors that affect the leafiness of a hay.

A

Kind and species of forage, stage of maturity when cut, weather conditions while growing and while curing procedures.

243
Q

Name 3 major factors used to evaluate the potential of land selected for a pasture.

A

Carry capacity (number of horses that can properly be grazed), potential nutritional value, present condition (renovate, reestablish or left alone)

244
Q

Name 4 general ingredients that may be found in commercially mixed feeds.

A

cereal grains for energy, protein source, correctly balanced vitamins and minerals, molasses to increase patability

245
Q

name 3 times when a protein supplement may be necessary.

A

forages being fed are of poor quality, pregnant or lactating mare, growing young stock requires extra protein to balance ration.

246
Q

Name 6 important factors used to determine a balanced ration for a horse.

A

age, weight, and type of work performed, nutrient composition of feed, amount of nutrients in feed being fed, daily nutrient requirements for horse, any ration deficiencies or supplements needed.

247
Q

What are 5 important considerations you should make when selecting a horse feed?

A

Cost, quality, suitability, availability, and convenience

248
Q

What are 4 good qualities of goody hay?

A

leafiness, bright green color, aromatic and pleasant odor, no dust or mold, fine stems

249
Q

What is the term for the number of horses that can be properly grazed on a plot of land

A

Carrying capacity

250
Q

Which hays tend to be the most dusty

A

Pure legumes

251
Q

From what two (2) sources is molasses derived

A

Sugar cane and sugar beets

252
Q

Name three (3) ways oats can be fed to horses

A

Whole, rolled, crimped

253
Q

What term describes a processed mixture of grain and forage, or may consist of only a grain or forage in a ground form of a pellet

A

Pelleted feed

254
Q

Why is loose salt a better form in which to offer to horses compared to block salt

A

Horses tend not to be big lickers and may not lick enough off block to meet their needs

255
Q

What is usually the most expensive feed grain in terms of cost per unit of nutrients

A

Oats

256
Q

A lack of smell indicates what in hay

A

Overly matured, bleaching, leaching or old hay

257
Q

Name three (3) legumes used as hays for horses

A

Alfalfa, lespedeza, clovers

258
Q

What does a stale, musty unpleasant odor indicate in a hay

A

Excessive fermentation has occurred

259
Q

Name three (3) ways corn can be fed to horses

A

Ear corn, shelled corn, cracked corn

260
Q

Name three (3) problems that can be determined by the smell of hay

A

Old hay, excessive fermentation, overly matured hay,bleaching, leaching, mold present, dust present

261
Q

Because beet pulp is a highly digestible fiber source, it is used to add extra fiber and energy to a ration containing poor quality or if a horse has what two (2) types of problems

A

Difficulty chewing long stemmed forage or respiratory problems

262
Q

Name five (5) ways forages change as they get older as related to the nutritional value

A

Less leafy, more stemmy, more fibrous, less digestible, mineral and vitamin levels decrease

263
Q

Name 4 problems that can be associated with imbalances in vitamins and minerals in a horse feed.

A

Muscle disorders, bone problems, hormone imbalances, poor hair coat, eye problems, decreased immune functions

264
Q

Which vitamin is lost as a hay ages?

A

Vitamin A

265
Q

Name 2 good sources of calcium and phosphorus.

A

Steamed bone meal and dicalcium phosphate.

266
Q

What is an easy method of reducing dust in a hay before feeding it to horses?

A

Sprinkle it with water or mixture of water and molasses

267
Q

What is the sorghum grain used as a horse feed?

A

milo

268
Q

Unless you are an experienced nutritionist, it is easiest and perhaps best to feed what type of feed?

A

mixed feeds

269
Q

What is the most commonly used protein supplement for horse feed rations?

A

Soybean meal

270
Q

Adding ground limestone to a ration will increase the level of which mineral?

A

Calcium

271
Q

If a balanced grain ration with adequate pasture and/or hay is being fed, how much vitamin mineral supplements are required?

A

None

272
Q

Besides the amount of snow that must be eaten to fulfill the water needs in the winter, what is another concern about using snow as the only source of water?

A

Tremendous amount of energy is used to change snow to water within the body and this can affect the horse’s condition and maintenance requirements

273
Q

Name 4 factors that can affect the nutritional value of a pasture.

A

Soil fertility, soil type, moisture, and temperature

274
Q

Because of the higher level of calcium found in legumes, a supplement of what may be needed?

A

Phosphorus

275
Q

Which important factor can be determined by examining the bud or bloom of legumes?

A

Stage of maturity

276
Q

Always feed grain concentrates by what unit of measure?

A

Weight

277
Q

What is the term for a commercially balanced coarse, tasty mixture of grain, a protein source, vitamins and lots of molasses?

A

Sweet feed

278
Q

Name 2 reasons why you should rotate your pastures

A

Reduce internal parasite infestation and increase productivity of pastures

279
Q

What are the 4 energy-rich grains commonly used in horse feeds?

A

Corn, oats, barley and milo

280
Q

Of the different types of grass hays, which type of grass hay is lowest in protein?

A

Prairie grass

281
Q

Name 4 protein supplements that are commonly used for horses.

A

Soybean meal, linseed meal, cottonseed meal, and peanut butter meal

282
Q

Name 5 factors that help select a good quality hay.

A

Stage of maturity, species of hay, leafiness, color, smell, lack of dust and mold, nutrient value

283
Q

Name 2 grains that are usually ground rather than used whole in a horse feed.

A

Barley and milo

284
Q

Name the 2 by-product feeds that are good sources of thiamine and niacin and also supply a fair amount of protein and energy.

A

Wheat bran and rice bran

285
Q

Which type of hay is most likely to have a calcium to phosphorus ratio imbalance?

A

Legumes

286
Q

Name 5 grass hays most commonly used for horses.

A

Timothy, orchard grass, brome, bermuda, native western mountain, prairie grass

287
Q

Of the following which 2 will have the higher content of moisture: grains, protein supplements, silages, hays or pastures?

A

Silages and pastures

288
Q

Name 2 problems that dust in hay can cause.

A

Makes hay unpalatable (not taste good)and can cause heaves and other respiratory problems

289
Q

What is used in grain mixture as a concentrated appetizer and dust settler?

A

Molasses

290
Q

What is usually added to mixed feeds to increase palatability?

A

Molasses

291
Q

What are the 3 main types of feeds?

A

Forages, concentrates, mixed feeds

292
Q

What are the 2 main forms of forages?

A

Dry forages and pastures

293
Q

When classifying feeds, into which category do cereal grains, combined with protein source, balanced with vitamins and minerals and possibly added molasses fall?

A

Mixed feeds

294
Q

Which of the 2 main forms of forages has a higher water content?

A

Pastures

295
Q

Name 2 things that are found in higher qualities in grasses than in legumes.

A

Fiber and dry matter

296
Q

Name 4 factors to consider when selecting a horse feed.

A

Suitability of feed, availability, cost, nutrient content, quality, convenience, function of the horse, experience of horse owner

297
Q

Commercially prepared sweet feeds and complete pelleted feeds would fall into which of the 3 main types of feeds?

A

Mixed feeds

298
Q

Soil fertility, soil type and climate influence what 2 important qualities in good hay?

A

Productivity and nutrient content

299
Q

Most commercially prepared feed will fall into which of the 3 main types of feeds?

A

MIxed feeds

300
Q

Which type of concentrate is somewhat laxative and bulky and usually contains about 65% of TDN?

A

Brans

301
Q

What is the more common term for sodium chloride?

A

Salt

302
Q

Name the only nutrient of any significance that is obtained by adding molasses to a feed.

A

Energy

303
Q

Since molasses offers very little in nutritional value, why is it added to horse feeds?

A

Settles dust and makes it taste better

304
Q

Name 3 important factors about your horse to consider when balancing a ration.

A

Age, weight, type of work horse is performing

305
Q

Generally speaking, which type of horse will require the least amount of feed, digestible protein, TDN, calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin A content in ration?

A

Mature, Idle horse doing less than 1 hour of riding daily

306
Q

Generally speaking, which type of horse will require the most amount of feed, digestible protein, phosphorus, and vitamin A content in ration?

A

Lactating mare

307
Q

Approximately how many pounds of feed are necessary for a 400 pound weanling?

A

11-12 pounds daily

308
Q

Approximately how many pounds of feed are necessary for a 600-700 pound yearling?

A

13-14 pounds daily

309
Q

Approximately how many pounds of feed are necessary for a 1,000 pound mature idle horse?

A

16-17 pounds daily

310
Q

Approximately how many pounds of feed are necessary for a 1,000 pound lactating mare?

A

28-30 pounds daily

311
Q

Approximately how many pounds of feed are necessary for a 1,000 pound breeding stallion doing moderate breeding?

A

20-22 pounds

312
Q

What is the best way to determine the actual weight of a horse?

A

Use a scale

313
Q

The nutrient composition of a feed, the quantities of nutrients in feeds being fed, daily nutrient requirements, age, weight and type of work performed by the horse are all used to calculate what?

A

Balance feed ration for the horse

314
Q

Name 3 things that happen to hay that has started to ferment.

A

Energy value is lost, hat becomes dusty, moldy and has a dark, dull color, heating occurs and can start a fire

315
Q

Name 4 factors that can cause the requirements of nutrients to change.

A

Age, size, health, environment (heat, cold humidity), activity (maintenance, performance, reproduction, growth, lactation)

316
Q

Name 5 factors that will affect the water needs of the horse.

A

Age, health, size, activity (maintenance, gestation, lactation, work), type of feed eaten, enviroment

317
Q

Name 2 activities that would cause the greatest increase in the water needs of a horse.

A

Lactation and moderation to heavy work

318
Q

Name 4 important functions of water as a nutrient.

A

Regulates body temperature, necessary of life and shape of all cells, transports nutrients to and wastes away from cells, lubricates and protects body, necessary part of all body fluids

319
Q

Name 5 of the essential amino acids needed by the horse.

A

Lysine, threonine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, histadine, arginine, tryptophan, methionine, phenylalamine

320
Q

Name 8 of the essential amino acids needed by the horse.

A

Lysine, threonine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, histadine, arginine, tryptophan, methionine, phenylalamine

321
Q

How is excess consumed protein used by the body.

A

Nitrogen is removed from the amino acids and excreted in the urine. Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen remaining form the amino acid is used for energy like carbohydrates.

322
Q

Name 4 B-complex vitamins.

A

Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pryidoxide, pantothenic acid, biotin, choline, folic acid, cobalamin

323
Q

Name 4 macro minerals.

A

Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sulfur, sodium, chloride

324
Q

Name 4 trace or micro-minerals.

A

Copper, zinc, iron, manganese, iodine, selenium, cobalt

325
Q

Name 3 micro-minerals and 3 macro-minerals.

A

micro–Copper, zinc, iron, manganese, iodine, selenium, cobalt, Macro –Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sulfur, sodium, chloride

326
Q

Name 3 things that will increase the water needs of a horse.

A

Growth, lactation, work

327
Q

Name 4 factors that affect the leafiness of a hay.

A

Kind and species of forage, stage of maturity when cut, weather conditions while growing and while curing, curing procedures.

328
Q

Name 3 major factors to used to evaluate the potential of land selected for a pasture.

A

Carry capacity (number of horses that can properrly be grazed), potential nutritional value, present condition (renovate, reestablish or left alone).

329
Q

Name 4 general ingredients that may be found in commercially mixed feeds.

A

Cereal grains for energy, protein source, correctly balanced vitamins and minerals, molasses to increase palatability

330
Q

Name 3 times when a protein supplement may be necessary.

A

Forages being fed are of poor quality, pregnant or lactating mare, growing young stock require extra protein to balance ration.

331
Q

Name 6 important factors used to determine a balanced ration for a horse.

A

Age, weight and type of work performed, nutrient composition of feed, amount of nutrients in feed being fed, daily nutrient requirements for horse, any ration deficiencies or supplements needed.

332
Q

What are 5 important considerations you should make when selecting a horse feed?

A

Cost, quality, suitability, availability, convenience

333
Q

What are 4 good qualities of good hay?

A

Leafiness, bright green color, aromatic and pleasant odor, no dust or mold, fine stems

KC Jr HB Questions (11 decks)

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