Category A: Nutrition--DONE Flashcards
How much water will a 1000 pound horse drink per day?
6-12 gallons.
In extremely cold weather, which will produce more body heat when eaten, hay or grain?
Hay produces more heat.
What is the most important factor affecting the quality of a forage at the time of harvesting?
Stage of maturity.
What are the 2 basic classifications of forages?
Legumes and grasses.
What is the most common method used to process forages?
Baling.
What is the oldest & most common method of selecting hay?
Visual appraisal.
What is the most economical source off supplemental protein?
Soybean meal.
What are the 2 most important dietary energy components in feeds?
Fats & carbohydrates.
What is the most commonly cubed forage?
Alfalfa.
What is the device used to collect samples for analysis is baled hay?
Bale probe or bale core.
How much water will a 1000 pound horse drink per day?
10-12 gallons.
What is the deficient amino acid in hays and grains?
Lysine.
Typically horses receive nutrients from what 3 general sources?
Hay, Pastures & Grains.
Which feed is used extensively in diets for horses that have respiratory problems such as heaves?
Beet pulp.
What is possibly the simplest and least expensive dry method of processing grain?
Grinding.
Which nutrients are usually considered to be the body’s fuel?
Energy nutrients( fats and carbs).
Describe the color of a good quality hay.
Bright, leafy, green.
Where is most of the nutrient value found in hay?
Leaves.
What is the most readily available grain in most sections of the country?
Corn.
What type hay is the best type of hay for horses?
Good quality grass-legume mixed hay.
Which hays tend to be the least dusty?
Good grass hays.
What are the two basic types of forages?
Grasses and legumes.
Name the two minerals that the horse relies on most heavily for bone formation.
Calcium and phosphorus.
Name the two basic classifications of forages.
Legumes and grasses.
Name two ways that barley and milo should be processed before using them in a horse feed.
Crimped or rolled.
Pelleting horse feed can reduce the storage space requirements by how much?
Up to 75%.
How much more digestible energy is contained in grains than hays?
Grains have 50-60% more.
Lysine is a type of what nutrient?
Protein (amino acid)
Lysine is a type of what nutrient
Protein (amino acid)
Name two disadvantages of feeding straight oats for grain
Cost per unit of energy and variations in quality
Which feed by-product is made by drying the residual beet chips after the sugar has been extracted
Beet pulp
If you put extruded and pelleted feed each in a separate container of equal volume which would weigh more
Pelleted feeds may weigh twice as much as extruded feeds
In feeding management what is the wicking effect
Uptake of ground moisture into a bale of hay
What nutrients are harder for an older horse to digest
Fiber
What are five forms of harvested forages
Square bales, round bales, hay cubes, chopped hay, pelleted hay and silage
how can the likelihood of blister beetle poisoning be reduced when feeding alfalfa hay from the southwest
feed early season first cutting alfalfa
how many mineral elements are required in diets of horses
twenty one
what percentage of protein should be in a suckling foals creep feed
sixteen to eighteen percent protein
how much concentrate can be fed at one time
never more than 0.75 of the horses body weight
what is quidding
dropping partially chewed feed from the mouth
which nutrient is commonly involved as a cofactors for the enzymes that convert fat and carbohydrates into energy
vitamins
feral and other free ranging horses will spend how long grazing per day in good forage
ten to twelve hours
what is the form of stored fuel for exercise of high intensity and short duration
glycogen
what is the primary site for digestion and absorption of fats
small intestines
what is the average weight of a small bale of hay
40-80 pounds
what is the maximum amount of concentrates that should be fed at any one feeding
no more than.75 of a horses body weight
how many different minerals are required in the diet of horses and what are the 2 classifications of them
21 different minerals classified as micro and macro (major) minerals
what class of nutrients do thiamine, riboflavin, and folic acid belong to
vitamins
which nutrient is an important structural component for muscle tissue, growth, and tissue maintenance
proteins
what is the term for the units of measure that describes the amount of energy needed by a horse and is equal to 1000 calories
mega calories
there are considerable differences in density among horse feeds. therefore, feeding should not be by volume but by what method
feed by weight
when does a pregnant mare have the greatest nutritional requirements
during the third trimester of her gestation period
what are the organic compounds required in small amounts for the normal functioning of the body that are classified as water soluble and fat soluble
vitamins
what is a by-product of sucrose refined from sugar cane, sugar beets or from the manufacture of dried citrus pulp
molasses
what are the 21 different elements found in organic ash of feeds after burning off the organic matter
minerals
what are oat groats
oats with the hulls removed
if the percentage of protein in the form of lysine is higher in animal products such as dried skim milk and fish meal why is soybean meal more commonly used
soybean meal is less expensive
do most grains have more calcium than phosphorus
6-8 times more phosphorus
which type of hay should not be fed to horses with kidney problems
alfalfa
what are the 2 classifications of amino acids
essential and non-essential
When buying or selling and using a hay analysis report, what factor should be a prime consideration
RFV (relative feeding value)
grain processing may be roughly divided into 2 catagories, name them
dry processing and wet procssing
What is the primary objective of most grain processing methods
to improve the availability of starch
what factor is determined by the amount of seed heads of grasses and the flowers of legumes present at the time of harvest
stage of maturity
what part of alfalfa provides the mast nutrition
its leaves
what percent of fat in the diet can a horse tolerate and use for energy
10-15%
what method of processing feeds forces ground feed through a die under pressure and steam and heat produces a feed that has the consistency of dry dog food
extruded
name 2 grains that must be processed before feeding
Rye, milo, barley, and wheat.
name a way feed might be processed to aid in digestion for older horses or horses with poor teeth
ground, crimped, or pelleted
what are the 5 types of nutrients
water, energy, vitamins, minerals, protien
how much of the adult horses body is made up of water
65-85%
how much of the foals body is made up of water
75-80%
a loss of what percent of the bodies total water content can be fatal
12-15%
fresh green pasture contains about how much water
75%
how long can a horse live without water
a few days
how long can a horse live without food
a few weeks
feeds that are low in fiber and high in TDN are called what
concentrates
feeds that are high in fiber and low in TDN are called what
forages
what is the general term for the less digestible form of carbohydrates found in foodstuffs
Fiber
what is the complex compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, which mainly supply building material for the body
protiens
What is the term for the part of each nutrient which is digested, taken into the body and used?
Digestible nutrient
what is the compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen which mainly supply energy to the body
carbohydrates
what is the term for the entire feed allowed to an animal during a 24 hour day whether it is all given at 1 time or at different times
ration
what is the term for a ration that contains all of the digestible nutrients that will properly nourish an animal for 24 hours
balanced ration
what is the term for a ration that furnishes just enough of each of the nutrients required to support an animal which is doing no work and yielding no product so that it will neither gain nor lose weight
maintenance ration
what is the sum of the digestible protein, digestible carbohydrates and digestible fat
TDN
what is the term for that which is left in a feed sample after the water has been removed
dry matter
what is the term for the minerals that are needed in very small amounts for the normal function of the body
trace minerals
what do the initials,CHO stand for in regards to nutrients
carbohydrates
which of the nutrients is the primary energy nutrient
carbohydrates
name 2 examples of simple carbohydrates
sugars and starches
name a complex carbohydrate
cellulose
which type of carbohydrates would be most commonly found in molasses, grains and lush young grasses
simple carbohydrates
digested fats are very dense and provide how much more usable energy than carbohydrates
2.25 times more
what is the by-product feed produced from the outer layer of the wheat kernal
wheat bran
which nutrients are required to give power to muscles, the brain, and the digestive system
energy nutrients (carbohydrates and fats)
excess fat that is eaten is stored as what
fat
dry matter is what is left in a feed sample after what has been removed
water
what are the “building blocks” of protein from which the bodies are built
Amino acids
what are the material that forms in all body tissues
amino acids
proteins consist of long chains of what materials
Amino acids
When are proteins broken down into amino acids?
during digestion
Without iron in the blood, what could not be carried to the body cells?
Oxygen
what are considered to be the body’s “building blocks”?
proteins
How are amino acids carried to the muscle, internal organs, bones, blood, skin and hair to be used to form body tissues?
Carried by the blood
Beta carotene is converted in the body into which vitamin?
Vitamin A
what is the term for minerals that are needed in larger amounts?
macro minerals
What is the term for minerals that are needed in tiny amounts?
Trace or micro minerals
Name the vitamin that the horse gets from the sunlight or from skin cured hays and uses this vitamin for making strong bones.
Vitamin D
What term describes the feed nutrients such as calcium, phosphorus, copper, sodium, and iron?
Minerals
there are tow main forms of forages, one is dry forages such as hays and straw, what is the other form of green forage?
Pastures
What is a common problem with hay that can cause breathing problems for the horse and makes the hay not taste very good?
Too much dust in the hay or mold
In very cold weather, which will produce more body heat and keep the horse warmer – feeding more grain, more hay or more salt?
more hay
What is the normal body temperature of a normal healthy adult horse?
100-101.5
what is the normal pulse or heart rate for a normal healthy idle horse?
45-60 beats per minute
What is the normal breathing or respiration rate for a normal adult healthy idle horse?
8-15 breathes per minute
Which part of grasses can be used to determine it’s stage of maturity?
The head of grass
In referring to nutrients, what do the initials, Ca stand for?
Calcium
Dehydrated forages are made by processing lush-growing, highly nutritious forages through a heated dryer called what?
dehydrator
Which type of forage is used mostly as vitamin and protein supplements, a high fiber content and are processed through a heated dryer?
dehydrated forages
Horses should be rotated to fresh pastures, how often?
every 2 weeks
which grain is high in TDN but is low in protein, fiber, calcium, and phosphorus?
Corn
What health problem can be caused by feeding dusty hay?
Heaves or respiratory problems
What should be suspected if you find dull, dark hay with dust and mold inside the bale of hay to be purchased?
hay was baled before it was dry enough
Name a dehydrated forage.
Alfalfa leaf meal
Hay that is baled too wet may have fermentation within the bale, which sometimes can cause serious problems within the hay loft?
Fire form spontaneous combustion
What is the general percentage of molasses that is added to commercially mixed grain rations?
5-15%
Excessive exposure to sunlight and air can decrease the content of which nutrient in hay?
Carotene ( vitamin A)
Finely ground corn should not be fed alone because it may increase the risk of what problem?
colic
What are 2 physical forms in which salt may be offered to horses for consumption?
block and loose
Allowing a hot horse to drink large quantities of water, may cause what problem?
Founder (laminitis)
name 2 ways milo can be fed to horses.
Crushed or ground
Which part of legumes can be used to determine its stage of maturity?
Bud or bloom
Why should you feed more hay in the winter that grain if grain has a higher energy content?
Fermentative digestion of hat produces more body heat and keeps horse warmer
it is a good idea to feed what prior to placing horses in good pasture for the first time in the spring
Hay before turning them in to the pasture
In winter a horse should not be forced to eat snow to meet its water needs. How much snow would have to be eaten to equal one quart of water?
12 quarts
When classifying feeds, into which category do grains, energy-rich supplements, by product feeds, vitamin and mineral supplements fall?
Concentrates
When classifying feeds, into which category do pastures and hays fall?
Forages
Which of the 2 main forms of forages has a higher dry matter content?
Dry forages
Corn oats, by-product feeds and supplemental vitamins, minerals or protein would be classified in which of the 3 main types of feeds?
Concentrates
Grass and legume hays, straw and pastures would be classified in to which of the 3 main types of feeds?
Forages
Diclacium phosphate is a good source of which 2 minerals?
Calcium and phosphorus
A horse weight tape can be used to estimate the weight of a horse by measuring where on the horse?
Around the heart girth
An excess of which mineral can interfere with the complete utilization of phosphorus in a ration?
Calcium
What is the term for the “hard to digest” carbohydrates in grasses?
Cellulose
What is the component that mineral have that vitamins lack?
Carbon
Fats are higher in the percentage of which 2 elements than carbohydrates?
Carbon and hydrogen
Hay that is pale yellow or of a brownish color, is likely to have what happened to it prior to baling?
Rained on or baled before it was dry
Hay stored indoors for one to two years will lose about what percentage of its nutrient content?
15-20%
Dehydrated forages are made by processing lush-growing, highly nutritious forages through a heated dryer is called what?
Dehydrator
Excessive exposure to sunlight and air can decrease the content of which nutrient in hay?
Carotene (vitamin A)
What is the general term for a feed component that aids in the support of life?
Nutrient
What is the term for the term for the amount of a nutrient found in feed?
Crude or total nutrient
What type of amino acids can be built within the horses body by breaking down and reconstructing the essential amino acids?
non-essential amino acids
Proteins are considered high in quality when they contain more of what?
essential amino acids
Name the chemical elements that make up proteins.
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sometimes sulfur, phosphorus and iron
Why are there different levels of protein in grain mixtures?
protein levels in grain should compliment protein levels in the forages. pastures\ hays with lots of legumes require less protein in grain mix. mature grasses have lower protein level and require more protein in the grain . growing foals need more protein
what type of nutrient is most important to increase in the diet of the horse that is increasing the amount of work it is performing?
carbohydrates and fats (energy nutrients)
name 3 different body tissues that use protein from the diet.
muscle, skin, hair, bones, internal organs, blood, hooves
what are 2 main types of vitamins?
fat soluble and water soluble
name the 4 fat soluble vitamins.
A, D, E, K
which vitamins are considered to be water soluble vitamins ?
B and C
what 2 parts of the body are fat soluble vitamins stored?
fat cells and liver
what type of vitamins are not stored in the body and secreted with water?
water soluble vitamins
which 2 vitamins are essential in the diet because they can not be manufactured in the body ?
vitamins A and E
name 2 vitamins that are produced by metabolic reactions inside the horses body.
vitamins C and D, niacin
name two vitamins that are produced by bacteria in the horses cecum and large colon.
all of the B vitamins and vitamin K
Which mineral works with vitamin E to protect the body tissue and maintains muscle coordination?
Selenium
Which mineral is needed for the production of cobalamin, a B-complex vitamin?
Cobalt
What is cobalamin?
a B-complex vitamin
If feeding a protein supplement is high in energy value, why not always add it to a ration?
It is useless if protein requirements are complete in balanced rations, it is expensive and can cause digestive upsets
Spring pastures can be quite laxative, which type of pastures tend to be the most laxative?
Legume Pastures
What are 2 different kinds of salt used for horses?
White salt and trace mineral salt
What do the initials TDN stand for?
Total digestible nutrients
Name 4 by-product feeds from grain milling industry commonly used in horse feeds.
Wheat bran, rice bran, wheat middling, rye middling
oats nutritional value varies considerably due to the proportions of what two parts of the grain?
Fibrous hull to nutritious inner kernel of grain
Before purchasing hay, it is a good idea to do what simple test of quality?
Open several bales and examine them for quality
name 3 nutrients that are found in higher levels in legumes than grasses.
Protein, energy, calcium, phosphorus
what is the term for colorized salt with small amounts of minerals?
Trace mineral salt
Because it’s sticky, sweet and smells good this is added to a grain ration to increase the horse’s appetite, what is it?
Molasses
Name 2 ways barley can be fed to horses.
Rolled or ground
Since barley can cause colic if fed alone, it should be mixed with at least what percent of oats?
At least 25% oats
Other than a source of nutrition, what is another use of pasture?
Exercise
Of the following which 2 will have the highest percentage of TDN: grains, grasses, hays, protein supplements?
Grains and protein supplements
What is the safest and easiest grain to feed?
Oats
What grain is higher in protein and fiber but lower in energy than corn?
Oats
Name 4 commonly used mineral supplements added to horse feed.
Salt iodized salt, ground limestone, steamed bone meal, dicalcium phosphate
Of the for most commonly used protein supplements, which one is the lowest in protein and usually is not the most economical source of protein.
Linseed Meal
Name two problems that can be caused by heavy rain on nearly cured mowed hay.
Loss of carotene (vitamin A) carbohydrates and protein
Why should salt be available to horses at all times, especially in the summer?
They lose significant amounts of salt through swaet, which may not be replaced by the grain portion of the ration alone.
What is the term for the number of horses that can be properly grazed on a plot of land?
Carrying Capacity
Which hays tend to be the most dusty?
Pure Legumes
Always feed grain concentrates by what unit of measure?
Weight
What is the term for a commercially balanced coarse, tasty mixture of grain, a protein source, vitamins and lots of molasses?
Sweet feed
Name 2 reasons why you should rotate your pastures.
reduce internal parasite infection and increase productivity of pasture.
what are the 4 energy-rich grains commonly used in horse feeds/
corn, oats, barley, and milo
Of the different types of grass hays, which type of grass hay is lowest in protein?
Prairie grass
Name 4 protein supplements that are commonly used for horses.
Soybean meal, linseed meal, cottonseed meal, and peanut meal
Name 5 factors that help select a good quality hay.
stage of maturity, species of hay, leafiness, color smell, lack of dust and mold, nutrient value.
name 2 grains that are usually ground rather than used whole in a horse feed.
Barley and milo
name 2 by-product feeds that are good sources of thiamine and niacin and also supply fair amount of protein and energy.
Wheat bran and rice bran
Which type of hay is most likely to have a calcium to phosphorus ratio imbalance?
Legumes
name 5 grass hays commonly used for horses.
timothy, orchard grass, brome, bermuda, native western mountain, and prairie grass
Of the following which 2 will have the higher content of moisture: grains, protein supplements, silage’s, hays or pastures?
silages and pastures
Name 2 problems that dust in hay can cause.
makes hay unpalatable (not taste good) and can cause heaves and other respiratory problems
what is used in grain mixture as a concentrated appetizer and dust settler?
molasses
what is usually added to mixed feeds to increase palatability?
molasses
What are the 2 main forms of forages?
dry forages and pastures
When classifying feeds, into which category do cereal grains, combined with protein source, balanced with vitamins and minerals and possibly added molasses fall?
mixed feeds
Which of the 2 main forms of forages has a higher water content?
pastures
name 2 things that are found in higher quantities in grasses than in legumes.
fiber and dry matter
name 4 factors to consider when selecting a horse feed.
suitability of feed, availability, cost, nutrient content, quality, convenience, function of the horse, experience of horse owner.
commercially prepared sweet feeds and complete pelleted feeds would fall into which of the 3 main types of feeds?
mixed feeds
Soil fertility, soil type and climate influence what 2 important qualities in good hay?
productivity and nutrient content
Most commercially prepared feed will fall into which of the 3 main types of feeds?
mixed feeds
which type of concentrate is somewhat laxative and bulky and usually contains about 65% of TDN?
brans
What is the more common term for sodium chloride?
salt
name the only nutrient of any significance that is obtainsed by addedin molasses to a feed.
energy
Since molasses offers very little in nutritional value, why is it added to horse feed?
settles dust and makes it taste better
Name 3 important factors about your horse to consider when balancing a ration.
age, weight, type of work, horse is performing
Generally speaking, which type of horse will require the least amount of feed, digestible protein, TDN, calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin A content in a ration.
Mature, idle, horse doing less than one hour of riding daily
Approximately how many pounds of feed are necessary for a 400 pound weanling?
11-12 pounds daily
Approximately how many pounds of feed are necessary for a 600-700 pound yearling?
13-14 pounds daily
Approximately how many pounds of feed are necessary for a 1,000 pound mature idle horse?
16-17 pounds daily
Approximately how many pounds of feed are necessary for a 1,000 pound lactating mare?
28-30 pounds daily
Approximately how many pounds of feed are necessary for a 1,000 pound breeding stallion doing moderate breeding?
20-22 pounds daily
what is the best way to determine the actual weight of a horse?
use a scale
The nutrient composition of a feed, the quantities of nutrients in feeds being fed, daily nutrient requirements, age, weight and type of work performed by the horse are all used to calculate what?
balance feed ration for the horse
name 3 things that happen to hay that has started to ferment.
energy value is lost, hay becomes dusty, moldy and has a dark, dull color, heating occurs and can start a fire
name 4 factors that can cause the requirements of nutrients to change.
age, size, health, environment (heat, cold, humidity), activity (maintenance, performance, reproduction, growth, lactation)
name 5 factors that will affect the water needs of the horse.
age, health, size, activity (maintenance, gestation, lactation, work), type of feed eaten, enviroment
name 2 activities that would cause the greatest increase in the water needs of a horse.
lactation and moderate to heavy work
Name 4 important functions of water as a nutrient.
regulates body temperature, necessary of life and shape of all cells, transports nutrients to and wastes away from cells lubricates and protects body, necessary part of all body fluids.
name 5 of the essential amino acids needed by the horse.
lysine, threonine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, isoleucine, histadine, arginine, trytophan, methionine, phenylalamine
Name 8 of the essential amino acids needed by the horse.
Lysine, threonine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, histadine, arginine, tryptophan, methionine, phenylalamine
How is excess consumed protein used by the body?
nitrogen is removed from the amino acids and excreted in the urine. Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen remaining from the amino acid is used for energy like charbohydrates
name 4 b-complex vitamins.
thiamine, riboflavin, biotin, follic acid, cobalamin, niacin, choline, pryidoxine, and pantothenic acid.
Name 4 micro-minerals.
copper, zinc, iron, manganese, iodine, selenium, cobalt
Name 4 macro minerals.
calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sulfur, sodium, chloride
Name 3 micro-minerals and 3 macro-minerals.
micro- copper, zinc, iron, manganese, iodine, selenium, cobalt
macro- calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sulfur, sodium, chloride
Name 3 things that will increase the water needs of a horse.
lactation, growth, and work
Name 4 factors that affect the leafiness of a hay.
Kind and species of forage, stage of maturity when cut, weather conditions while growing and while curing procedures.
Name 3 major factors used to evaluate the potential of land selected for a pasture.
Carry capacity (number of horses that can properly be grazed), potential nutritional value, present condition (renovate, reestablish or left alone)
Name 4 general ingredients that may be found in commercially mixed feeds.
cereal grains for energy, protein source, correctly balanced vitamins and minerals, molasses to increase patability
name 3 times when a protein supplement may be necessary.
forages being fed are of poor quality, pregnant or lactating mare, growing young stock requires extra protein to balance ration.
Name 6 important factors used to determine a balanced ration for a horse.
age, weight, and type of work performed, nutrient composition of feed, amount of nutrients in feed being fed, daily nutrient requirements for horse, any ration deficiencies or supplements needed.
What are 5 important considerations you should make when selecting a horse feed?
Cost, quality, suitability, availability, and convenience
What are 4 good qualities of goody hay?
leafiness, bright green color, aromatic and pleasant odor, no dust or mold, fine stems
What is the term for the number of horses that can be properly grazed on a plot of land
Carrying capacity
Which hays tend to be the most dusty
Pure legumes
From what two (2) sources is molasses derived
Sugar cane and sugar beets
Name three (3) ways oats can be fed to horses
Whole, rolled, crimped
What term describes a processed mixture of grain and forage, or may consist of only a grain or forage in a ground form of a pellet
Pelleted feed
Why is loose salt a better form in which to offer to horses compared to block salt
Horses tend not to be big lickers and may not lick enough off block to meet their needs
What is usually the most expensive feed grain in terms of cost per unit of nutrients
Oats
A lack of smell indicates what in hay
Overly matured, bleaching, leaching or old hay
Name three (3) legumes used as hays for horses
Alfalfa, lespedeza, clovers
What does a stale, musty unpleasant odor indicate in a hay
Excessive fermentation has occurred
Name three (3) ways corn can be fed to horses
Ear corn, shelled corn, cracked corn
Name three (3) problems that can be determined by the smell of hay
Old hay, excessive fermentation, overly matured hay,bleaching, leaching, mold present, dust present
Because beet pulp is a highly digestible fiber source, it is used to add extra fiber and energy to a ration containing poor quality or if a horse has what two (2) types of problems
Difficulty chewing long stemmed forage or respiratory problems
Name five (5) ways forages change as they get older as related to the nutritional value
Less leafy, more stemmy, more fibrous, less digestible, mineral and vitamin levels decrease
Name 4 problems that can be associated with imbalances in vitamins and minerals in a horse feed.
Muscle disorders, bone problems, hormone imbalances, poor hair coat, eye problems, decreased immune functions
Which vitamin is lost as a hay ages?
Vitamin A
Name 2 good sources of calcium and phosphorus.
Steamed bone meal and dicalcium phosphate.
What is an easy method of reducing dust in a hay before feeding it to horses?
Sprinkle it with water or mixture of water and molasses
What is the sorghum grain used as a horse feed?
milo
Unless you are an experienced nutritionist, it is easiest and perhaps best to feed what type of feed?
mixed feeds
What is the most commonly used protein supplement for horse feed rations?
Soybean meal
Adding ground limestone to a ration will increase the level of which mineral?
Calcium
If a balanced grain ration with adequate pasture and/or hay is being fed, how much vitamin mineral supplements are required?
None
Besides the amount of snow that must be eaten to fulfill the water needs in the winter, what is another concern about using snow as the only source of water?
Tremendous amount of energy is used to change snow to water within the body and this can affect the horse’s condition and maintenance requirements
Name 4 factors that can affect the nutritional value of a pasture.
Soil fertility, soil type, moisture, and temperature
Because of the higher level of calcium found in legumes, a supplement of what may be needed?
Phosphorus
Which important factor can be determined by examining the bud or bloom of legumes?
Stage of maturity
Always feed grain concentrates by what unit of measure?
Weight
What is the term for a commercially balanced coarse, tasty mixture of grain, a protein source, vitamins and lots of molasses?
Sweet feed
Name 2 reasons why you should rotate your pastures
Reduce internal parasite infestation and increase productivity of pastures
What are the 4 energy-rich grains commonly used in horse feeds?
Corn, oats, barley and milo
Of the different types of grass hays, which type of grass hay is lowest in protein?
Prairie grass
Name 4 protein supplements that are commonly used for horses.
Soybean meal, linseed meal, cottonseed meal, and peanut butter meal
Name 5 factors that help select a good quality hay.
Stage of maturity, species of hay, leafiness, color, smell, lack of dust and mold, nutrient value
Name 2 grains that are usually ground rather than used whole in a horse feed.
Barley and milo
Name the 2 by-product feeds that are good sources of thiamine and niacin and also supply a fair amount of protein and energy.
Wheat bran and rice bran
Which type of hay is most likely to have a calcium to phosphorus ratio imbalance?
Legumes
Name 5 grass hays most commonly used for horses.
Timothy, orchard grass, brome, bermuda, native western mountain, prairie grass
Of the following which 2 will have the higher content of moisture: grains, protein supplements, silages, hays or pastures?
Silages and pastures
Name 2 problems that dust in hay can cause.
Makes hay unpalatable (not taste good)and can cause heaves and other respiratory problems
What is used in grain mixture as a concentrated appetizer and dust settler?
Molasses
What is usually added to mixed feeds to increase palatability?
Molasses
What are the 3 main types of feeds?
Forages, concentrates, mixed feeds
What are the 2 main forms of forages?
Dry forages and pastures
When classifying feeds, into which category do cereal grains, combined with protein source, balanced with vitamins and minerals and possibly added molasses fall?
Mixed feeds
Which of the 2 main forms of forages has a higher water content?
Pastures
Name 2 things that are found in higher qualities in grasses than in legumes.
Fiber and dry matter
Name 4 factors to consider when selecting a horse feed.
Suitability of feed, availability, cost, nutrient content, quality, convenience, function of the horse, experience of horse owner
Commercially prepared sweet feeds and complete pelleted feeds would fall into which of the 3 main types of feeds?
Mixed feeds
Soil fertility, soil type and climate influence what 2 important qualities in good hay?
Productivity and nutrient content
Most commercially prepared feed will fall into which of the 3 main types of feeds?
MIxed feeds
Which type of concentrate is somewhat laxative and bulky and usually contains about 65% of TDN?
Brans
What is the more common term for sodium chloride?
Salt
Name the only nutrient of any significance that is obtained by adding molasses to a feed.
Energy
Since molasses offers very little in nutritional value, why is it added to horse feeds?
Settles dust and makes it taste better
Name 3 important factors about your horse to consider when balancing a ration.
Age, weight, type of work horse is performing
Generally speaking, which type of horse will require the least amount of feed, digestible protein, TDN, calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin A content in ration?
Mature, Idle horse doing less than 1 hour of riding daily
Generally speaking, which type of horse will require the most amount of feed, digestible protein, phosphorus, and vitamin A content in ration?
Lactating mare
Approximately how many pounds of feed are necessary for a 400 pound weanling?
11-12 pounds daily
Approximately how many pounds of feed are necessary for a 600-700 pound yearling?
13-14 pounds daily
Approximately how many pounds of feed are necessary for a 1,000 pound mature idle horse?
16-17 pounds daily
Approximately how many pounds of feed are necessary for a 1,000 pound lactating mare?
28-30 pounds daily
Approximately how many pounds of feed are necessary for a 1,000 pound breeding stallion doing moderate breeding?
20-22 pounds
What is the best way to determine the actual weight of a horse?
Use a scale
The nutrient composition of a feed, the quantities of nutrients in feeds being fed, daily nutrient requirements, age, weight and type of work performed by the horse are all used to calculate what?
Balance feed ration for the horse
Name 3 things that happen to hay that has started to ferment.
Energy value is lost, hat becomes dusty, moldy and has a dark, dull color, heating occurs and can start a fire
Name 4 factors that can cause the requirements of nutrients to change.
Age, size, health, environment (heat, cold humidity), activity (maintenance, performance, reproduction, growth, lactation)
Name 5 factors that will affect the water needs of the horse.
Age, health, size, activity (maintenance, gestation, lactation, work), type of feed eaten, enviroment
Name 2 activities that would cause the greatest increase in the water needs of a horse.
Lactation and moderation to heavy work
Name 4 important functions of water as a nutrient.
Regulates body temperature, necessary of life and shape of all cells, transports nutrients to and wastes away from cells, lubricates and protects body, necessary part of all body fluids
Name 5 of the essential amino acids needed by the horse.
Lysine, threonine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, histadine, arginine, tryptophan, methionine, phenylalamine
Name 8 of the essential amino acids needed by the horse.
Lysine, threonine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, histadine, arginine, tryptophan, methionine, phenylalamine
How is excess consumed protein used by the body.
Nitrogen is removed from the amino acids and excreted in the urine. Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen remaining form the amino acid is used for energy like carbohydrates.
Name 4 B-complex vitamins.
Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pryidoxide, pantothenic acid, biotin, choline, folic acid, cobalamin
Name 4 macro minerals.
Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sulfur, sodium, chloride
Name 4 trace or micro-minerals.
Copper, zinc, iron, manganese, iodine, selenium, cobalt
Name 3 micro-minerals and 3 macro-minerals.
micro–Copper, zinc, iron, manganese, iodine, selenium, cobalt, Macro –Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sulfur, sodium, chloride
Name 3 things that will increase the water needs of a horse.
Growth, lactation, work
Name 4 factors that affect the leafiness of a hay.
Kind and species of forage, stage of maturity when cut, weather conditions while growing and while curing, curing procedures.
Name 3 major factors to used to evaluate the potential of land selected for a pasture.
Carry capacity (number of horses that can properrly be grazed), potential nutritional value, present condition (renovate, reestablish or left alone).
Name 4 general ingredients that may be found in commercially mixed feeds.
Cereal grains for energy, protein source, correctly balanced vitamins and minerals, molasses to increase palatability
Name 3 times when a protein supplement may be necessary.
Forages being fed are of poor quality, pregnant or lactating mare, growing young stock require extra protein to balance ration.
Name 6 important factors used to determine a balanced ration for a horse.
Age, weight and type of work performed, nutrient composition of feed, amount of nutrients in feed being fed, daily nutrient requirements for horse, any ration deficiencies or supplements needed.
What are 5 important considerations you should make when selecting a horse feed?
Cost, quality, suitability, availability, convenience
What are 4 good qualities of good hay?
Leafiness, bright green color, aromatic and pleasant odor, no dust or mold, fine stems
