CAST

Question 1

Excretion of cast is termed as

Answer 1

Cylinduria

Question 2

cast is primarily formed in

Answer 2

DCT & CD

Question 3

Colorless and Translucent; SUBDUED LIGHT is required when using BF microscope

Answer 3

HYALINE CAST

Question 4

Most fragile; Orange-red color, seen in Glomerulonephritis, Strenuous excercise

Answer 4

RBC cast

Question 5

Muddy or Brown cast, contains hgb from lysed RBCs

Answer 5

Blood cast or Hemoglobin cast

Question 6

how to differentiate RTE cast from WBC cast

Answer 6

Phase Microscopy and Supravital stain

Question 7

seen in lOWER UTI clumped of leukocyte, should not be reported as cast

Answer 7

Pseudoleukocyte cast

Question 8

Significant in Advanced tubular destruction and Tubular damage; use supravital stain

Answer 8

Epithelial (RTE) cast

Question 9

granules derived from LYSOSOME of RTE cells, disintegrate when cast is retained in the tubule, SANDPAPER APPEARANCE

Answer 9

Granular (Course and Fine) cast

Question 10

Significance of granular cast: ‘‘Py G S S’’

Answer 10

Pyelonephritis, Glomerulonephritis, Stress, Strenuous excercise

Question 11

Brittle highly refractile w/ jagged ends, tend to look like paraffin shavings sitting o top of urine

Answer 11

Waxy cast

Question 12

Indicates destruction widening of the tubular walls, 2-6x wider than ordinary cast

Answer 12

Broad cast

Question 13

Crystals are reported as

Answer 13

Rare, few, Moderate or Many/ HPF

Question 14

Abnormal crystals are reported as

Answer 14

Average No./ LPF

Question 15

Factors that contribute to crystal formation: ‘’ P S T’’

Answer 15

pH
Solute conc.
Temperature

Question 16

Normal Acid Crystals ‘‘C A U C H A M’’

Answer 16

Calcium oxalate
Amorphous Urates
Uric Acid
Calcium Sulfate
Hippuric Acid
Acid Urates
Monosodium Urates

Question 17

Normal Alkaline Crystals: ‘‘M A T A C C’’

Answer 17

Magnesium Phosphate
Amorphous Phosphate
Triple Phosphate
Ammonium Biurate
Calcium Phosphate (Apatite)
Calcium Carbonate

Question 18

Yellow Brown granules, Fluffy orange, Pink sediment
Turns into Ammnium biurate after adding Ammnonium hydroxide

Answer 18

Amorphous Urates

Question 19

Amorphous Urates is soluble in

Answer 19

Heat (60C) and Alkali

Question 20

Turn into URIC ACID after adding ACETIC ACID

Answer 20

Amorphous Urates
Acid Urates

Question 21

Rhombic (diamond) 4 sided FLAT PLATE (whetstone) LEMON SHAPED; Hexagonal forms mistaken as CYSTINE crys.

Answer 21

Uric Acid

Question 22

Uric acid is Increased in

Answer 22

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
Chemotherapy
Gout

Question 23

The most frequently observed urinary crystals

Answer 23

CaOx

Question 24

Bipyramidal, Enveloped, Octahedron, Emerald cut ‘’ B E C O’’

Answer 24

Dihydrate (Weddellite)

Question 25

Oval, Dumbell

Answer 25

Monohydrate (Whewellite)

Question 26

Cigarette-butt, Soluble in Acetic acid

Answer 26

Calcium Sulfate

Question 27

Yellow brown, Colorless, elogated prism Soluble in water and ether

Answer 27

Hippuric Acid

Question 28

brown spheres or clusters, resembles ammonium biurate, leucine & sulfamethoxazole crys.

Answer 28

Acid urates

Question 29

tiny slender, colorless needles, SPHERULITE or BEACHBALL, ''PICK-UP STICKS'' when cluster

Answer 29

Monosodium Urates

Question 30

Fine lacy white precipitate

Answer 30

Amorphous Phosphates

Question 31

Alkaline counterpart of uric acid and Amorphous urates, OLD SPX

Answer 31

Ammonium Biurate

Question 32

^ presence of UREA-SPLITTING bacteria

Answer 32

Ammnium biurate Triple Phosphate

Question 33

FEATHERY appearance when they disintegrate

Answer 33

Triple Phosphate (Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate, STRUVITE)

Question 34

End or corner may be NOTCHED, edges may be IRREGULAR or ERODED

Answer 34

Magnesium phosphate

Question 35

Colorless FLAT PLATES, THIN PRISM in rosette form, may resemble sulfonamide crystals

Answer 35

Dibasic Calcium Phosphate (stellar phosphate)

Question 36

small colorless, dumbell tetrads or spherical-shaped

Answer 36

Calcium Carbonate

Question 37

Colorless, refractile hexaginal plates often laminated, SIX SIDED STOP SIGN Mistaken as hexaginal Uric acid crystlas

Answer 37

Cystine

Question 38

Uric acid is insoluble in

Answer 38

Dilute HCI

Question 39

Absence or weak Birefringence

Answer 39

Cystine

Question 40

Clumped granules or needles w/ bright yellow color; reddish brown needle

Answer 40

Bilirubin

Question 41

FAN-shaped needles, SHEAVES of WHEAT,arrowheads, PETALS, WHETSTONE; mistaken as calcium phosphate crystals

Answer 41

Sulfonamide

Question 42

Colorless needles that tend to form bundles following refrigeration

Answer 42

Ampicillin

Question 43

Mistaken for parasite Ova

Answer 43

Starch granules