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Core studies > Casey - Biological area > Flashcards

Casey - Biological area Flashcards

1
Q

What did earlier research from Eigsti (2006) show?

A

Showed performance on a delay-of-grat task in childhood

predicted the efficiency with which the same individuals performed a cognitive control task (go/no-go task) as adolescents and young adults

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2
Q

What is the marshmallow experiment?

A
  • It is an experimental design that measures a child’s ability to delay gratification
  • The child is given the option of waiting a bit for a new marshmallow, or if they didn’t wait, they would get a less desirable treat - one marshmallow
  • The minutes or seconds a child waits measures their ability to delay gratification
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3
Q

Who was called as a High delayer in the marshmallow task?

A

Could wait for another marshmallow and delay gratification

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4
Q

Who was classed as a low delayer in the marshmallow task?

A

Those who could not wait for another marshmallow and they ate it before the 15 minutes was up

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5
Q

What was the alluring stimulus in the task?

A

Marshmallow

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6
Q

What is the effect of being able to delay gratification/resist temptation?

A

The ability to resist temptation in favour of long-term goals is an essential part of individual, societal and economic success

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7
Q

What can alluring situations result in?

A

Alluring situations can diminish control

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8
Q

What does delay of gratification depend on?

A

Cognitive control

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9
Q

What correlation has been found?

A

A correlation has been found between an avoidance of risky behaviour and greater excitation in the right inferior frontal gyrus

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10
Q

What was found about the ventral striatum?

A
  • It has been found that functionally, the ventral striatium helps and balances motivation with both higher-level and lower-level functions, such as inhibiting one’s behaviour in a complex social interaction.
  • This region has been found to be the region in the basal ganglia neural circuit that’s most closely associated with reward.
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11
Q

What was the aim of Casey et al’s study?

A
  • The aim was to build on earlier research to assess whether delay of gratification in childhood predicts impulse control abilities
  • and sensitivity to alluring or social cues (happy faces) at the behavioural and neural level when participants were in their 40s (adults)
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12
Q

Experimental method?

A

Quasi experiment

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13
Q

2 Experimental design?

A
  • Independent measures design - High v low delayers

- Repeated measures design - age

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14
Q

Why could it be considered a repeated measures design?

A

Some participants completed self-control scales when in their 20s and 30s and that those taking part in experiment one did both the ‘hot’ and ‘cool’ go/no-go task

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15
Q

What was the IV?

A

Whether the participant was a high delayer or low delayer

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16
Q

What was the DV?

A
  • Performance on the impulse control task (in terms of reaction times and accuracy) in exp 1
  • And the performance on the impulse control task (reaction times and accuracy) and imaging results using the fMRI scanner in exp 2
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17
Q

How many participants were from the original delay of gratification task

A

562

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18
Q

Where was the study conducted?

A

Stanford’s Bing Nursery School

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19
Q

How old were the children in the original study?

A

4 years old

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20
Q

What year was the original study in?

A

Late 1960s, early 1970s

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21
Q

How many people did self-control scales when in their 20s and 30s?

A
  • 20yrs = 155

- 30yrs = 135

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22
Q

How many were contacted to take part in Casey’s study?

A

117

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23
Q

What specific people were contacted for the study?

A

Those, 117, who were above average or below average in their original delay of gratification performance as well as in the self-report measures of self-control were contacted in relation to taking part in this study.

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24
Q

How many agreed to take part in the longitudinal behavioural study (exp 1)

A

59 of the 117

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25
Q

What was the female to male comparison?

A
  • 23 males

- 36 females

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26
Q

How were participants classified?

A
  • P’s classified as low or high delayers from their results of:
  • a) their delay of gratification performance
  • b) self-control measures
27
Q

How many high delayers were in experiment one?

A
  • 32 high delayers

- 12 males, 20 females

28
Q

How many low delayers were in experiment one?

A
  • 27 low delayers

- 11 male, 16 females

29
Q

How many agreed to be apart of a functional neuroimaging study in experiment two?

A
  • 27 of the 59

- (13 males, 14 females)

30
Q

How many HD + LD were there in exp 2?

A
  • 15 high delayers

- 11 low delayers

31
Q

Why was one participant excluded?

A

One 41 yr old man was excluded from all analysis because of poor performance

32
Q

In the end, how many participants were in experiment two?

A

26

33
Q

What is subject attrition in a longitudinal study?

A
  • When participants drop out of the study for any reason and do not return to complete the study
  • It can threaten the study’s validity
34
Q

What did experiment one test?

A

Tested whether individuals who were less able to delay gratification as a child and young adult (LD) would, as adults in their 40s show less impulse control in suppression of a response to ‘hot’ relative ‘cool cues’

35
Q

Did participants give consent?

A

59 participants, already LD or HD, consented to take part in a behavioural version of a “hot” and “cool” impulse control task

36
Q

How many times did the P’s complete versions of the go/no-go task

A

Participants completed two versions of the go/no-go task

37
Q

What did the ‘cool’ version consist of?

A
  • Consisted of male and female stimuli which were presented

one sex as a ‘go’ (target) stimulus to which participants were instructed to press a button

  • Other sex as a ‘no-go’ (non-target) stimulus to which P’s were instructed to withhold a button press
38
Q

What happened before the onset of each run?

A

A screen appeared showing which stimulus category served as the target

39
Q

What were participants instructed to do?

A

instructed to respond quickly and as accurately as possible

40
Q

How long did the face appear for?

A

500ms

41
Q

How long was the interval that followed the face appearance?

A

1-s interstimulus interval

42
Q

How was the ‘hot’ version of the go/no-go task similar or different to the ‘cool’ version?

A
  • Similar - identical

- Different - fearful and happy facial expressions served as stimuli

43
Q

How were the laptops standardised? where were they sent?

A
  • Tasks were presented using programmed laptop computers

- It was sent to P’s homes

44
Q

What was the fMRI scanner used for?

A

Used to examine neural correlates of delay of gratification

45
Q

What was expected of LD?

A

Expected that LD would show diminished activity in the right inferior frontal gyrus and amplififed activity in the ventral striatum compared to HD

46
Q

How many participants agreed to complete the imaging study?

A

27 P’s from Exp 1 consented

47
Q

What did P’s complete?

A

‘Hot’ version of the go/no-go task like that used in exp 1

48
Q

What was a difference in the hot go-no/go task to exp 1?

A
  • Timing
  • Number of trials
  • Apparatus
49
Q

How long was each face presented for? what was it followed by?

A
  • 500 ms

- Followed by a jittered interial interval ranging from 2 to 14.5s in duration

50
Q

How many trials were presented in pseudorandomised order?

A

48 trials

51
Q

How was the task made viewable to Ps?

A
  • Viewable by a rear projection screen

- And a Neuroscreen five-button response pad recorded button responses and reaction times

52
Q

When responding to the ‘go’ trials, how did Ps do?

A
  • High level of accuracy for correctly responding to go trials
  • cool (99.8 % correct)
  • hot (99.5% correct)
53
Q

How did LDs do on the no-go?

A
  • Accuracy for no-go was more variable

- LD commiting more false alarms than HD

54
Q

Results for LD and HD

A
  • Low and high delayers performed comparably on the “cool” task but the low delayers trended toward performing more poorly on the “hot” task
  • than the high delayers; only the low delay group showed a significant decrement in performance for the “hot” trials relative to the “cool” trials.
55
Q

What did it show about LD and HD as adults and children

A

go/no-go task produced differences between the delay groups only in the presence of emotional “hot” cues i.e., individuals, who as a group, had more difficulty delaying gratification at four years of age (low delayers) showed more difficulty as adults in suppressing responses to happy faces than the high delayers.

56
Q

Result for accuracy (1)

A

Overall accuracy rates for the “hot” go/no-go task were uniformly high for “go” trials (mean 98.2% correct
hits) with more variable performance to “no-go” trials (12.4% false alarm rate).

57
Q

What differences were observed?

A
  • Differences between the two delay groups in “no-go” accuracy were consistent with the observed differences in the “hot” task performance
  • LD commited more false alarms than HD
58
Q

What did the trials show about the brain?

A

The “no-go” vs. “go” trials found candidate regions of the brain differentially engaged as a function of
cognitive control tasks.

59
Q

What was the right inferior frontal gyrus associated with?

A

RIFG was associated with accurately withholding a response

60
Q

Compared with HD, what did LD show?

A

Diminished recruitment of the right inferior frontal gyrus for correct ‘No-go’ relative to ‘go’ trials

61
Q

What did the ventral striatum reveal about LD?

A
  • Reward-related region of the brain showed a three-way interaction of group x trial x emotion
  • Elevated activity to happy ‘no-go’ trials for LD
  • Exaggerated recruitment in LD
62
Q

What plays a significant role to an individual’s ability to suppress actions towards alluring cues.

A

Sensitivity to environmental hot cues plays a significant role in an individual’s ability to suppress
actions toward alluring cues.

63
Q

Give a conclusion about resisting temptation by context

A

The ability to resist temptation varies by context, the more tempting the choice for the individual, the more predictive are the individual differences in peoples’ ability to regulate their behaviour

64
Q

Give a conclusion about how being a LD or HD didn’t really change over time

A

Individuals, who, at the age of 4, had difficulty delaying gratification and who continue to show
reduced self-control abilities, have more difficulty as adults in suppressing responses to positive social cues than those who don’t

Core studies (20 decks)

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